This Perspectives article outlines key challenges for computational biology in digital and precision agriculture, spanning genomics, phenomics, microbiome science, AI/ML, and pathogen surveillance.
February 16, 2026 at 10:02 AM
This Perspectives article outlines key challenges for computational biology in digital and precision agriculture, spanning genomics, phenomics, microbiome science, AI/ML, and pathogen surveillance.
Metabolomics Reveals Reasons for the Efficacy of Acupuncture in Migraine Patients: The Role of Anaerobic Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Citrate in Migraine Relief
▶️ Read Full Paper
📚 Source: Phenomics (Cham, Switzerland)
👤 Creator: Zishan Gao et al.
📅 Date: 2026-02-12
#MigrainePapertag/MigrainePaper" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#MigrainePaper #Migraine/hashtag/Migraine" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#Migraine #PubMe
▶️ Read Full Paper
📚 Source: Phenomics (Cham, Switzerland)
👤 Creator: Zishan Gao et al.
📅 Date: 2026-02-12
#MigrainePapertag/MigrainePaper" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#MigrainePaper #Migraine/hashtag/Migraine" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#Migraine #PubMe
Metabolomics Reveals Reasons for the Efficacy of Acupuncture in Migraine Patients: The Role of Anaerobic Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Citrate in Migraine Relief
Acupuncture is used worldwide to treat migraine, but its scientific mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report a ¹H NMR metabolomics study involving 40 migraine patients and 10 healthy individuals randomly receiving acupuncture or sham acupuncture, followed by machine learning...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
February 12, 2026 at 12:01 PM
Metabolomics Reveals Reasons for the Efficacy of Acupuncture in Migraine Patients: The Role of Anaerobic Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Citrate in Migraine Relief
▶️ Read Full Paper
📚 Source: Phenomics (Cham, Switzerland)
👤 Creator: Zishan Gao et al.
📅 Date: 2026-02-12
#MigrainePapertag/MigrainePaper" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#MigrainePaper #Migraine/hashtag/Migraine" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#Migraine #PubMe
▶️ Read Full Paper
📚 Source: Phenomics (Cham, Switzerland)
👤 Creator: Zishan Gao et al.
📅 Date: 2026-02-12
#MigrainePapertag/MigrainePaper" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#MigrainePaper #Migraine/hashtag/Migraine" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#Migraine #PubMe
대사체학이 밝혀낸 편두통 환자에서 침술의 효능 이유: 편두통 완화에 있어 무산소성 당분해 및 미토콘드리아 시트르산 사이클의 역할
▶️ 논문읽기
📚 출처: Phenomics (Cham, Switzerland)
👤 저자: Zishan Gao et al.
📅 날짜: 2026년 02월 12일
🆔 PMID: 41675281
📄 PMC: PMC12886611
🔗 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-024-00205-6
#편두통논문g/%ED%8E%B8%EB%91%90%ED%86%B5%EB%85%BC%EB%AC%B8" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#편두통논문 #편두통hashtag/%ED%8E%B8%EB%91%90%ED%86%B5" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#편두통 #펍메드hashtag/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#펍메드
▶️ 논문읽기
📚 출처: Phenomics (Cham, Switzerland)
👤 저자: Zishan Gao et al.
📅 날짜: 2026년 02월 12일
🆔 PMID: 41675281
📄 PMC: PMC12886611
🔗 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-024-00205-6
#편두통논문g/%ED%8E%B8%EB%91%90%ED%86%B5%EB%85%BC%EB%AC%B8" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#편두통논문 #편두통hashtag/%ED%8E%B8%EB%91%90%ED%86%B5" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#편두통 #펍메드hashtag/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#펍메드
대사체학이 밝혀낸 편두통 환자에서 침술의 효능 이유: 편두통 완화에 있어 무산소성 당분해 및 미토콘드리아 시트르산 사이클의 역할
전 세계적으로 편두통 치료에 침술이 사용되지만 그 과학적 기전은 여전히 불분명하다. 본 연구에서는 40명의 편두통 환자와 10명의 건강한 대조군을 대상으로 무작위 침술 또는 가침술을 시행한 후 1H NMR 대사체학 연구를 수행하고 기계 학습 기법 및 기능적 분석을 적용하였다. 경혈 부위의 침술은 특히 무산소성 당분해(anaerobic glycolysis)를 촉진하고, 혈장 내 피루브산(p = 0.012), 유산(p = 0.031), 시트르산(p = 0.00079) 수치를 조절함으로써 미세산소...
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
February 12, 2026 at 11:57 AM
대사체학이 밝혀낸 편두통 환자에서 침술의 효능 이유: 편두통 완화에 있어 무산소성 당분해 및 미토콘드리아 시트르산 사이클의 역할
▶️ 논문읽기
📚 출처: Phenomics (Cham, Switzerland)
👤 저자: Zishan Gao et al.
📅 날짜: 2026년 02월 12일
🆔 PMID: 41675281
📄 PMC: PMC12886611
🔗 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-024-00205-6
#편두통논문g/%ED%8E%B8%EB%91%90%ED%86%B5%EB%85%BC%EB%AC%B8" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#편두통논문 #편두통hashtag/%ED%8E%B8%EB%91%90%ED%86%B5" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#편두통 #펍메드hashtag/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#펍메드
▶️ 논문읽기
📚 출처: Phenomics (Cham, Switzerland)
👤 저자: Zishan Gao et al.
📅 날짜: 2026년 02월 12일
🆔 PMID: 41675281
📄 PMC: PMC12886611
🔗 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-024-00205-6
#편두통논문g/%ED%8E%B8%EB%91%90%ED%86%B5%EB%85%BC%EB%AC%B8" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#편두통논문 #편두통hashtag/%ED%8E%B8%EB%91%90%ED%86%B5" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#편두통 #펍메드hashtag/%ED%8E%8D%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C" class="hover:underline text-blue-600 dark:text-sky-400 no-card-link">#펍메드
Want to learn more about Augusta, phenomics, and Contingent AI? We’d love to chat.
February 9, 2026 at 6:19 PM
Want to learn more about Augusta, phenomics, and Contingent AI? We’d love to chat.
Our own Soumik Barman presented last week at the Sony Biotechnology Inc. Spectral Seminar at the @broadinstitute.org. His talk: ”Deep phenomics using Spectral Flow Cytometry: OMIP-111 and beyond” focused on profiling of innate and adaptive immune responses across murine, primates, and humans.
February 4, 2026 at 8:00 PM
Our own Soumik Barman presented last week at the Sony Biotechnology Inc. Spectral Seminar at the @broadinstitute.org. His talk: ”Deep phenomics using Spectral Flow Cytometry: OMIP-111 and beyond” focused on profiling of innate and adaptive immune responses across murine, primates, and humans.
Marking the 100th anniversary of Vavilov’s publication The Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants (Vavilov, 1926). We welcome research, reviews & perspectives on phenotyping, data driven diversity insights, and crop resilience.
https://ow.ly/ZHFZ50Y6zXc
Agronomy, Crop, and Soil Science Societies
https://ow.ly/ZHFZ50Y6zXc
Agronomy, Crop, and Soil Science Societies
February 3, 2026 at 3:40 PM
Marking the 100th anniversary of Vavilov’s publication The Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants (Vavilov, 1926). We welcome research, reviews & perspectives on phenotyping, data driven diversity insights, and crop resilience.
https://ow.ly/ZHFZ50Y6zXc
Agronomy, Crop, and Soil Science Societies
https://ow.ly/ZHFZ50Y6zXc
Agronomy, Crop, and Soil Science Societies
We’ll be sharing more about Augusta, our phenomics capabilities, and Contingent AI, integrating genomic, proteomic, and phenotypic data to surface biomarkers and disease drivers across neurology, oncology, and biosecurity.
February 2, 2026 at 7:24 PM
We’ll be sharing more about Augusta, our phenomics capabilities, and Contingent AI, integrating genomic, proteomic, and phenotypic data to surface biomarkers and disease drivers across neurology, oncology, and biosecurity.
Proud to share our phenomics, genomics and biorefinery work with University leaders this week at #IBERS and AberInnovation. Inspiring conversations on research and innovation. Diolch bawb!
January 23, 2026 at 10:55 AM
Proud to share our phenomics, genomics and biorefinery work with University leaders this week at #IBERS and AberInnovation. Inspiring conversations on research and innovation. Diolch bawb!
🚨 New Research on #GeneticDrift! 🧬
Phenomics study presents a groundbreaking random penetrance model in molecular evolution! 🌍🔬
Phenomics study presents a groundbreaking random penetrance model in molecular evolution! 🌍🔬
January 21, 2026 at 2:24 PM
🚨 New Research on #GeneticDrift! 🧬
Phenomics study presents a groundbreaking random penetrance model in molecular evolution! 🌍🔬
Phenomics study presents a groundbreaking random penetrance model in molecular evolution! 🌍🔬
👀🌲 POV: You’re a radiata pine seedling cruising through a phenotyping robot at the Australian Plant Phenomics Network (APPN).
Check out APPN’s latest story highlighting their role in one of our five‑year research programmes. #BioeconomyScience
🔗 bit.ly/4pKbY0v
Check out APPN’s latest story highlighting their role in one of our five‑year research programmes. #BioeconomyScience
🔗 bit.ly/4pKbY0v
Linking the soil microbiome to climate resilience
APPN’s Adelaide Node, The Plant Accelerator® (TPA®) has been playing a key role in a New Zealand project to understand the soil microbiome associated with…
www.plantphenomics.org.au
January 20, 2026 at 10:45 PM
👀🌲 POV: You’re a radiata pine seedling cruising through a phenotyping robot at the Australian Plant Phenomics Network (APPN).
Check out APPN’s latest story highlighting their role in one of our five‑year research programmes. #BioeconomyScience
🔗 bit.ly/4pKbY0v
Check out APPN’s latest story highlighting their role in one of our five‑year research programmes. #BioeconomyScience
🔗 bit.ly/4pKbY0v
🌿 Meet Jason Brook 🌿
Technician at the National Plant Phenomics Centre. Loves the variety—meetings one day, flying drones the next! Proud founding member of UKADIA. Fun fact: Jason’s a Level 3 Kayak Coach with 30+ years on the water.
#MeetTheTeam #IBERS
Technician at the National Plant Phenomics Centre. Loves the variety—meetings one day, flying drones the next! Proud founding member of UKADIA. Fun fact: Jason’s a Level 3 Kayak Coach with 30+ years on the water.
#MeetTheTeam #IBERS
January 16, 2026 at 11:30 AM
🌿 Meet Jason Brook 🌿
Technician at the National Plant Phenomics Centre. Loves the variety—meetings one day, flying drones the next! Proud founding member of UKADIA. Fun fact: Jason’s a Level 3 Kayak Coach with 30+ years on the water.
#MeetTheTeam #IBERS
Technician at the National Plant Phenomics Centre. Loves the variety—meetings one day, flying drones the next! Proud founding member of UKADIA. Fun fact: Jason’s a Level 3 Kayak Coach with 30+ years on the water.
#MeetTheTeam #IBERS
In partnership with @pioneerlabs.bsky.social, we’re proposing Tesseract: a large-scale, open microbial phenomics dataset to functionally annotate microbial genomes at scale. 🧬🤖
✅5M diverse genes x 50 host strains × 100 conditions
🔗 Read the proposal:https://zenodo.org/records/17990299
✅5M diverse genes x 50 host strains × 100 conditions
🔗 Read the proposal:https://zenodo.org/records/17990299
January 15, 2026 at 3:18 PM
In partnership with @pioneerlabs.bsky.social, we’re proposing Tesseract: a large-scale, open microbial phenomics dataset to functionally annotate microbial genomes at scale. 🧬🤖
✅5M diverse genes x 50 host strains × 100 conditions
🔗 Read the proposal:https://zenodo.org/records/17990299
✅5M diverse genes x 50 host strains × 100 conditions
🔗 Read the proposal:https://zenodo.org/records/17990299
Better late than never—this issue contains updates for the global phenomics community, including the official announcement for the 9th International Plant Phenotyping Symposium (IPPS9).
mailchi.mp/cf81d5224490...
#PlantPhenotyping #IPPS9 #Phenomics #WACCI #PlantScience #IPPN
mailchi.mp/cf81d5224490...
#PlantPhenotyping #IPPS9 #Phenomics #WACCI #PlantScience #IPPN
January 9, 2026 at 12:01 PM
Better late than never—this issue contains updates for the global phenomics community, including the official announcement for the 9th International Plant Phenotyping Symposium (IPPS9).
mailchi.mp/cf81d5224490...
#PlantPhenotyping #IPPS9 #Phenomics #WACCI #PlantScience #IPPN
mailchi.mp/cf81d5224490...
#PlantPhenotyping #IPPS9 #Phenomics #WACCI #PlantScience #IPPN
High-throughput phenotyping & predictive modeling are transforming plant breeding. We welcome your research on phenomics as a predictive tool to boost selection accuracy, intensity, germplasm characterization & efficiency in breeding programs.
https://ow.ly/1YWH50XScl1
#PlantBreeding #Phenomics
https://ow.ly/1YWH50XScl1
#PlantBreeding #Phenomics
January 7, 2026 at 12:00 PM
High-throughput phenotyping & predictive modeling are transforming plant breeding. We welcome your research on phenomics as a predictive tool to boost selection accuracy, intensity, germplasm characterization & efficiency in breeding programs.
https://ow.ly/1YWH50XScl1
#PlantBreeding #Phenomics
https://ow.ly/1YWH50XScl1
#PlantBreeding #Phenomics
#COVID19 #DeepLearning #CTscan #Radiomics #Pneumonia #HealthTech #AIinMedicine #COVID19Research #MedicalImaging #NeuralNetworks #Phenomics
Full study: 🔗 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-021-00011-4
📊 Let's explore COVID-19 pneumonia at a whole new level! 🌍
Full study: 🔗 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-021-00011-4
📊 Let's explore COVID-19 pneumonia at a whole new level! 🌍
January 6, 2026 at 7:01 AM
#COVID19 #DeepLearning #CTscan #Radiomics #Pneumonia #HealthTech #AIinMedicine #COVID19Research #MedicalImaging #NeuralNetworks #Phenomics
Full study: 🔗 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-021-00011-4
📊 Let's explore COVID-19 pneumonia at a whole new level! 🌍
Full study: 🔗 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-021-00011-4
📊 Let's explore COVID-19 pneumonia at a whole new level! 🌍
COVID-19 CT Image Atlas 🦠🧠
New
@phenomics
study shows how deep learning helps build a detailed distribution atlas for COVID-19 pneumonia! 🖼️🩻
New
@phenomics
study shows how deep learning helps build a detailed distribution atlas for COVID-19 pneumonia! 🖼️🩻
January 6, 2026 at 7:01 AM
COVID-19 CT Image Atlas 🦠🧠
New
@phenomics
study shows how deep learning helps build a detailed distribution atlas for COVID-19 pneumonia! 🖼️🩻
New
@phenomics
study shows how deep learning helps build a detailed distribution atlas for COVID-19 pneumonia! 🖼️🩻
EPPS, Bonn 2025 (European Plant Phenomics Symposium) Das war eine der letzten großen Tagungen, bevor ich nächsten Sommer in Rente gehe….
December 30, 2025 at 5:47 PM
EPPS, Bonn 2025 (European Plant Phenomics Symposium) Das war eine der letzten großen Tagungen, bevor ich nächsten Sommer in Rente gehe….
By Yafei Yuan, Guanghao Li, Haoran Ren & Wei Chen
Published April 19, 2021
#Phenomics #fNIRS #CognitiveScience #Neuroscience #BrainHealth #LightTherapy #StroopTask #Neuroimaging #PrefrontalCortex #HumanCognition #Bioengineering #Optogenetics #WorkplaceWellness #MentalPerformance #ResearchHighlight
Published April 19, 2021
#Phenomics #fNIRS #CognitiveScience #Neuroscience #BrainHealth #LightTherapy #StroopTask #Neuroimaging #PrefrontalCortex #HumanCognition #Bioengineering #Optogenetics #WorkplaceWellness #MentalPerformance #ResearchHighlight
December 29, 2025 at 9:00 AM
By Yafei Yuan, Guanghao Li, Haoran Ren & Wei Chen
Published April 19, 2021
#Phenomics #fNIRS #CognitiveScience #Neuroscience #BrainHealth #LightTherapy #StroopTask #Neuroimaging #PrefrontalCortex #HumanCognition #Bioengineering #Optogenetics #WorkplaceWellness #MentalPerformance #ResearchHighlight
Published April 19, 2021
#Phenomics #fNIRS #CognitiveScience #Neuroscience #BrainHealth #LightTherapy #StroopTask #Neuroimaging #PrefrontalCortex #HumanCognition #Bioengineering #Optogenetics #WorkplaceWellness #MentalPerformance #ResearchHighlight
#Phenomics wish you a Joyful and Peaceful #Chrismas! #Phenomics (link.springer.com/journal/43657) is a peer-reviewed, bimonthly, and interdisciplinary research journal, and it has been indexed by #ESCl, #PubMed, #Scopus, #CSCD and #CSTPCD， with IF 6.2 (Q1 journal) and #CiteScore of 6.8.
December 25, 2025 at 8:05 AM
#Phenomics wish you a Joyful and Peaceful #Chrismas! #Phenomics (link.springer.com/journal/43657) is a peer-reviewed, bimonthly, and interdisciplinary research journal, and it has been indexed by #ESCl, #PubMed, #Scopus, #CSCD and #CSTPCD， with IF 6.2 (Q1 journal) and #CiteScore of 6.8.
A critical look at #HighThroughputPhenotyping for crop improvement on
@Journal Phenomics
🌱🚜 This review sheds light on the transformative power of #Phenotyping technologies in enhancing crop performance across diverse environmental conditions.
@Journal Phenomics
🌱🚜 This review sheds light on the transformative power of #Phenotyping technologies in enhancing crop performance across diverse environmental conditions.
December 23, 2025 at 7:04 AM
A critical look at #HighThroughputPhenotyping for crop improvement on
@Journal Phenomics
🌱🚜 This review sheds light on the transformative power of #Phenotyping technologies in enhancing crop performance across diverse environmental conditions.
@Journal Phenomics
🌱🚜 This review sheds light on the transformative power of #Phenotyping technologies in enhancing crop performance across diverse environmental conditions.
Feeling grateful this holiday season for starting a new postdoc at NMNH using phenomics to study drivers of #freshwatermussel #plasticity
December 21, 2025 at 12:02 AM
Feeling grateful this holiday season for starting a new postdoc at NMNH using phenomics to study drivers of #freshwatermussel #plasticity
Australian Research Data Commons
- Australasian Bird Research
- Directorate-General for Energy NT
- Melbourne Institute of Technology
- Phenomics Australia
Belnet
- Perspective
- Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium
- Australasian Bird Research
- Directorate-General for Energy NT
- Melbourne Institute of Technology
- Phenomics Australia
Belnet
- Perspective
- Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium
December 19, 2025 at 5:48 PM
Australian Research Data Commons
- Australasian Bird Research
- Directorate-General for Energy NT
- Melbourne Institute of Technology
- Phenomics Australia
Belnet
- Perspective
- Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium
- Australasian Bird Research
- Directorate-General for Energy NT
- Melbourne Institute of Technology
- Phenomics Australia
Belnet
- Perspective
- Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium
"Increasing FAIRness in agrosystem sciences and plantphenomics" https://doi.org/10.37044/osf.io/cy65w_v1
"As part of the de.NBI BioHackathon 2023, we here report about our progress on increasingFAIR-compliance in agrosystem sciences and plant phenomics. Through the collaborative effortsof the […]
"As part of the de.NBI BioHackathon 2023, we here report about our progress on increasingFAIR-compliance in agrosystem sciences and plant phenomics. Through the collaborative effortsof the […]
Original post on fediscience.org
fediscience.org
December 19, 2025 at 3:18 PM
"Increasing FAIRness in agrosystem sciences and plantphenomics" https://doi.org/10.37044/osf.io/cy65w_v1
"As part of the de.NBI BioHackathon 2023, we here report about our progress on increasingFAIR-compliance in agrosystem sciences and plant phenomics. Through the collaborative effortsof the […]
"As part of the de.NBI BioHackathon 2023, we here report about our progress on increasingFAIR-compliance in agrosystem sciences and plant phenomics. Through the collaborative effortsof the […]
Fiona manages the Phenomics glasshouse at IBERS, helping researchers run cutting-edge plant phenotyping experiments.
She loves growing plants & sharing science with everyone – from school children & farmers to politicians & international scientists.
#MeetTheTeam #IBERS #PlantScience
She loves growing plants & sharing science with everyone – from school children & farmers to politicians & international scientists.
#MeetTheTeam #IBERS #PlantScience
December 18, 2025 at 10:30 PM
Fiona manages the Phenomics glasshouse at IBERS, helping researchers run cutting-edge plant phenotyping experiments.
She loves growing plants & sharing science with everyone – from school children & farmers to politicians & international scientists.
#MeetTheTeam #IBERS #PlantScience
She loves growing plants & sharing science with everyone – from school children & farmers to politicians & international scientists.
#MeetTheTeam #IBERS #PlantScience
🧬🌾📏 UPCOMING SPECIAL ISSUE 🧬🌾📏
📏 Plant Phenomics & Enviromics Across Scales 📏
🌎 Guest edited by Bertrand Muller, Roland Pieruschka, Xavier Draye & Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
📅 Deadline 31 Mar 2026
📣 Manuscripts welcome! Contact us: bit.ly/JXBissues
#PlantScience 🧪 #JXBspecialissues
📏 Plant Phenomics & Enviromics Across Scales 📏
🌎 Guest edited by Bertrand Muller, Roland Pieruschka, Xavier Draye & Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
📅 Deadline 31 Mar 2026
📣 Manuscripts welcome! Contact us: bit.ly/JXBissues
#PlantScience 🧪 #JXBspecialissues
December 18, 2025 at 2:04 PM
🧬🌾📏 UPCOMING SPECIAL ISSUE 🧬🌾📏
📏 Plant Phenomics & Enviromics Across Scales 📏
🌎 Guest edited by Bertrand Muller, Roland Pieruschka, Xavier Draye & Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
📅 Deadline 31 Mar 2026
📣 Manuscripts welcome! Contact us: bit.ly/JXBissues
#PlantScience 🧪 #JXBspecialissues
📏 Plant Phenomics & Enviromics Across Scales 📏
🌎 Guest edited by Bertrand Muller, Roland Pieruschka, Xavier Draye & Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
📅 Deadline 31 Mar 2026
📣 Manuscripts welcome! Contact us: bit.ly/JXBissues
#PlantScience 🧪 #JXBspecialissues