Lars Tummers
@tummers.bsky.social
👨🎓 Professor, Utrecht University.
Before: Erasmus, Berkeley, Oxford.
✍️ Writes about leadership, behavior change and government.
Before: Erasmus, Berkeley, Oxford.
✍️ Writes about leadership, behavior change and government.
Pinned
Lars Tummers
@tummers.bsky.social
· Dec 11
🚨 New paper in @bppjournal.bsky.social 🚨
We show that positive stereotypes about public sector workers can improve the bureaucratic process.
Most people bash bureaucrats, saying they are ‘lazy’ and even 'evil.' Maybe we should start approaching civil servants positively. 🧐
shorturl.at/hqdeB
We show that positive stereotypes about public sector workers can improve the bureaucratic process.
Most people bash bureaucrats, saying they are ‘lazy’ and even 'evil.' Maybe we should start approaching civil servants positively. 🧐
shorturl.at/hqdeB
📣 New article in Government Information Quarterly 📣
OPEN ACCESS.
Governments try to adopt new digital technologies.
However, there was no reliable way to measure how public leaders are directing such transformations.
We therefore validated a Digital Transformation Leadership scale.
OPEN ACCESS.
Governments try to adopt new digital technologies.
However, there was no reliable way to measure how public leaders are directing such transformations.
We therefore validated a Digital Transformation Leadership scale.
November 25, 2025 at 9:48 AM
📣 New article in Government Information Quarterly 📣
OPEN ACCESS.
Governments try to adopt new digital technologies.
However, there was no reliable way to measure how public leaders are directing such transformations.
We therefore validated a Digital Transformation Leadership scale.
OPEN ACCESS.
Governments try to adopt new digital technologies.
However, there was no reliable way to measure how public leaders are directing such transformations.
We therefore validated a Digital Transformation Leadership scale.
Reposted by Lars Tummers
November 17, 2025 at 1:42 PM
Important paper:
“we uncover an asymmetric bias: for the same protest actions, overall support levels in the population are higher for environment-critical protesters than for pro-environment protesters.“
“This asymmetric bias is […] especially pronounced among right-leaning individuals”
“we uncover an asymmetric bias: for the same protest actions, overall support levels in the population are higher for environment-critical protesters than for pro-environment protesters.“
“This asymmetric bias is […] especially pronounced among right-leaning individuals”
NEW -
Public Support for Pro-environment and Environment-Critical Movements - https://cup.org/3XzCAEJ
- @dirckdekleer.bsky.social, @catherinedevries.bsky.social & @simonvanteutem.bsky.social
#OpenAccess
Public Support for Pro-environment and Environment-Critical Movements - https://cup.org/3XzCAEJ
- @dirckdekleer.bsky.social, @catherinedevries.bsky.social & @simonvanteutem.bsky.social
#OpenAccess
November 17, 2025 at 12:18 PM
Important paper:
“we uncover an asymmetric bias: for the same protest actions, overall support levels in the population are higher for environment-critical protesters than for pro-environment protesters.“
“This asymmetric bias is […] especially pronounced among right-leaning individuals”
“we uncover an asymmetric bias: for the same protest actions, overall support levels in the population are higher for environment-critical protesters than for pro-environment protesters.“
“This asymmetric bias is […] especially pronounced among right-leaning individuals”
🚨 How do you survive the wicked world of academia? 🚨
I'm collecting the best tips for a talk.
Here's my initial list.
What advice do you have for your fellow academics?
Share yours below! 👇
As the Beatles said, we can all get by with a little help from our friends.
I'm collecting the best tips for a talk.
Here's my initial list.
What advice do you have for your fellow academics?
Share yours below! 👇
As the Beatles said, we can all get by with a little help from our friends.
November 17, 2025 at 3:32 AM
🚨 How do you survive the wicked world of academia? 🚨
I'm collecting the best tips for a talk.
Here's my initial list.
What advice do you have for your fellow academics?
Share yours below! 👇
As the Beatles said, we can all get by with a little help from our friends.
I'm collecting the best tips for a talk.
Here's my initial list.
What advice do you have for your fellow academics?
Share yours below! 👇
As the Beatles said, we can all get by with a little help from our friends.
Dear fellow academics, a question:
What’s one tip you’d give early-career scholars?
I’m collecting them for a talk next week: “Surviving in the Wicked World of Academia.”
What’s one tip you’d give early-career scholars?
I’m collecting them for a talk next week: “Surviving in the Wicked World of Academia.”
November 14, 2025 at 11:54 AM
Dear fellow academics, a question:
What’s one tip you’d give early-career scholars?
I’m collecting them for a talk next week: “Surviving in the Wicked World of Academia.”
What’s one tip you’d give early-career scholars?
I’m collecting them for a talk next week: “Surviving in the Wicked World of Academia.”
Many people try to motivate others by adding pressure.
More complaining. More rules. More micromanagement.
But we can begin elsewhere: by respecting people’s need for autonomy, competence, and connection.
Upcoming talk on “subtle motivators” at Lingnan University, Hong Kong.
More complaining. More rules. More micromanagement.
But we can begin elsewhere: by respecting people’s need for autonomy, competence, and connection.
Upcoming talk on “subtle motivators” at Lingnan University, Hong Kong.
November 14, 2025 at 9:48 AM
Many people try to motivate others by adding pressure.
More complaining. More rules. More micromanagement.
But we can begin elsewhere: by respecting people’s need for autonomy, competence, and connection.
Upcoming talk on “subtle motivators” at Lingnan University, Hong Kong.
More complaining. More rules. More micromanagement.
But we can begin elsewhere: by respecting people’s need for autonomy, competence, and connection.
Upcoming talk on “subtle motivators” at Lingnan University, Hong Kong.
Reposted by Lars Tummers
Does stereotyping stir emotions for public service employees?
Yes!
And coping behavior depends on their emotions. Example: anger is related to confronting citizens.
Read more in our latest article with @neosheeling.bsky.social in @pmreview.bsky.social .
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
Yes!
And coping behavior depends on their emotions. Example: anger is related to confronting citizens.
Read more in our latest article with @neosheeling.bsky.social in @pmreview.bsky.social .
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
Coping with occupational stereotypes: an emotional lens on police officers’ experiences
How do public employees cope with negative occupational stereotypes? Limited research examines the psychological processes of how these perceptions shape their behaviour. This study examines how pu...
www.tandfonline.com
October 8, 2025 at 8:31 AM
Does stereotyping stir emotions for public service employees?
Yes!
And coping behavior depends on their emotions. Example: anger is related to confronting citizens.
Read more in our latest article with @neosheeling.bsky.social in @pmreview.bsky.social .
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
Yes!
And coping behavior depends on their emotions. Example: anger is related to confronting citizens.
Read more in our latest article with @neosheeling.bsky.social in @pmreview.bsky.social .
www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
🚨 Course PhD students interested in Behavioral Science, Public Policy & Public Administration 🚨
This November (10–12), I will be teaching a PhD course on Behavioral Science & Public Policy at Utrecht University.
📚 3 ECTS | 📍 Utrecht University | 🗓 Nov 10–12
This November (10–12), I will be teaching a PhD course on Behavioral Science & Public Policy at Utrecht University.
📚 3 ECTS | 📍 Utrecht University | 🗓 Nov 10–12
September 24, 2025 at 7:15 AM
🚨 Course PhD students interested in Behavioral Science, Public Policy & Public Administration 🚨
This November (10–12), I will be teaching a PhD course on Behavioral Science & Public Policy at Utrecht University.
📚 3 ECTS | 📍 Utrecht University | 🗓 Nov 10–12
This November (10–12), I will be teaching a PhD course on Behavioral Science & Public Policy at Utrecht University.
📚 3 ECTS | 📍 Utrecht University | 🗓 Nov 10–12
Reposted by Lars Tummers
So honored to be selected as the 2025 @aompnp.bsky.social Best Dissertation Award winner! HUGE thanks to @tummers.bsky.social & Stephan Grimmelikhuijsen, Gabriela Szydlowski, Isa Bertram, Noor de Boer & Robin Bouwman & to the amazing committee chair, @schwoererskayla.bsky.social!
Congrats to @neosheeling.bsky.social from American University, winner of the AOM-PNP 2025 Best Dissertation Award, for "Public Employee Stereotypes: What are they? Do they matter?" #AOM2025 #pasky
June 12, 2025 at 10:47 PM
So honored to be selected as the 2025 @aompnp.bsky.social Best Dissertation Award winner! HUGE thanks to @tummers.bsky.social & Stephan Grimmelikhuijsen, Gabriela Szydlowski, Isa Bertram, Noor de Boer & Robin Bouwman & to the amazing committee chair, @schwoererskayla.bsky.social!
"Talent gaat naar adviesbureaus en worden vervolgens weer ingehuurd. Ik vraag me af of de overheid daarmee beter af is.’"
Interview in Binnenlands Bestuur over waarom jonge ambtenaren massaal de overheid verlaten.
O.b.v. onderzoek onder 551 jonge ambtenaren en 115 gemeentesecretarissen.
Interview in Binnenlands Bestuur over waarom jonge ambtenaren massaal de overheid verlaten.
O.b.v. onderzoek onder 551 jonge ambtenaren en 115 gemeentesecretarissen.
Kloof tussen jonge en topambtenaar
Te weinig carrièreontwikkeling is de belangrijkste reden voor jonge ambtenaren om een gemeente te verlaten. Ook het ‘te weinig gebruik maken van hun competenties’ en een ‘gebrek aan financiële groei’ ...
www.binnenlandsbestuur.nl
June 1, 2025 at 8:07 AM
"Talent gaat naar adviesbureaus en worden vervolgens weer ingehuurd. Ik vraag me af of de overheid daarmee beter af is.’"
Interview in Binnenlands Bestuur over waarom jonge ambtenaren massaal de overheid verlaten.
O.b.v. onderzoek onder 551 jonge ambtenaren en 115 gemeentesecretarissen.
Interview in Binnenlands Bestuur over waarom jonge ambtenaren massaal de overheid verlaten.
O.b.v. onderzoek onder 551 jonge ambtenaren en 115 gemeentesecretarissen.
I'm going to talk today about how organizations and others manipulate you in their best interest, not yours.
#influence #manipulation
#influence #manipulation
April 29, 2025 at 4:29 AM
I'm going to talk today about how organizations and others manipulate you in their best interest, not yours.
#influence #manipulation
#influence #manipulation
💸 𝐏𝐚𝐲 𝐄𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐨𝐧'𝐭 𝐏𝐚𝐲 𝐚𝐭 𝐀𝐥𝐥 💸
Economists believe money improves performance. Psychologists argue that it's detrimental to performance. 🤔
In this classic paper, Gneezy & Rustichini show:
💰 Paid enough = better performance
💸 Paid little = worse performance than paying nothing.
Economists believe money improves performance. Psychologists argue that it's detrimental to performance. 🤔
In this classic paper, Gneezy & Rustichini show:
💰 Paid enough = better performance
💸 Paid little = worse performance than paying nothing.
April 29, 2025 at 4:16 AM
💸 𝐏𝐚𝐲 𝐄𝐧𝐨𝐮𝐠𝐡 𝐨𝐫 𝐃𝐨𝐧'𝐭 𝐏𝐚𝐲 𝐚𝐭 𝐀𝐥𝐥 💸
Economists believe money improves performance. Psychologists argue that it's detrimental to performance. 🤔
In this classic paper, Gneezy & Rustichini show:
💰 Paid enough = better performance
💸 Paid little = worse performance than paying nothing.
Economists believe money improves performance. Psychologists argue that it's detrimental to performance. 🤔
In this classic paper, Gneezy & Rustichini show:
💰 Paid enough = better performance
💸 Paid little = worse performance than paying nothing.
Looking forward to presenting on public #leadership today at City University of Hong Kong, based on the book by Paul 't Hart and me.
April 24, 2025 at 6:23 AM
Looking forward to presenting on public #leadership today at City University of Hong Kong, based on the book by Paul 't Hart and me.
Controlling leaders aren't helping employees.
Instead, providing employees with autonomy increases their well-being and makes them more pro-social.
Autonomy is a basic psychological need. Great leaders know it and act on it.
Instead, providing employees with autonomy increases their well-being and makes them more pro-social.
Autonomy is a basic psychological need. Great leaders know it and act on it.
April 24, 2025 at 6:17 AM
Controlling leaders aren't helping employees.
Instead, providing employees with autonomy increases their well-being and makes them more pro-social.
Autonomy is a basic psychological need. Great leaders know it and act on it.
Instead, providing employees with autonomy increases their well-being and makes them more pro-social.
Autonomy is a basic psychological need. Great leaders know it and act on it.
🎓 Vacature Hoogleraar 🎓
We zoeken een hoogleraar organisatieontwikkeling en leiderschap voor maatschappelijke transities.
@utrechtuniversity.bsky.social
🔍 Onderzoek | 🎓 Onderwijs | 🤝 Leidinggeven | 🌍 Impact
🔁 Delen = fijn!
#vacature #hoogleraar #leiderschap
We zoeken een hoogleraar organisatieontwikkeling en leiderschap voor maatschappelijke transities.
@utrechtuniversity.bsky.social
🔍 Onderzoek | 🎓 Onderwijs | 🤝 Leidinggeven | 🌍 Impact
🔁 Delen = fijn!
#vacature #hoogleraar #leiderschap
Hoogleraar organisatieontwikkeling & leiderschap voor transities
Draag bij aan fundamenteel en toegepast onderwijs en onderzoek naar organisatieontwikkeling en leiderschap voor maatschappelijke transities!
www.uu.nl
April 17, 2025 at 2:48 PM
🎓 Vacature Hoogleraar 🎓
We zoeken een hoogleraar organisatieontwikkeling en leiderschap voor maatschappelijke transities.
@utrechtuniversity.bsky.social
🔍 Onderzoek | 🎓 Onderwijs | 🤝 Leidinggeven | 🌍 Impact
🔁 Delen = fijn!
#vacature #hoogleraar #leiderschap
We zoeken een hoogleraar organisatieontwikkeling en leiderschap voor maatschappelijke transities.
@utrechtuniversity.bsky.social
🔍 Onderzoek | 🎓 Onderwijs | 🤝 Leidinggeven | 🌍 Impact
🔁 Delen = fijn!
#vacature #hoogleraar #leiderschap
Reposted by Lars Tummers
The Public Management Research Association (PMRA) is pleased to formally announce the election of new members to its Board of Directors. We extend our warmest congratulations to the newly elected board member, Lars Tummers, and express our appreciation for his willingness to serve.
April 4, 2025 at 1:57 PM
The Public Management Research Association (PMRA) is pleased to formally announce the election of new members to its Board of Directors. We extend our warmest congratulations to the newly elected board member, Lars Tummers, and express our appreciation for his willingness to serve.
A dumber smartphone makes you smarter—and happier.
Instead of browsing on their phone, people spent time socializing, exercising, and enjoying nature.
They could also focus better.
Not just correlation. Causal evidence.
📖 Source: academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/ar...
Instead of browsing on their phone, people spent time socializing, exercising, and enjoying nature.
They could also focus better.
Not just correlation. Causal evidence.
📖 Source: academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/ar...
April 2, 2025 at 11:39 AM
A dumber smartphone makes you smarter—and happier.
Instead of browsing on their phone, people spent time socializing, exercising, and enjoying nature.
They could also focus better.
Not just correlation. Causal evidence.
📖 Source: academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/ar...
Instead of browsing on their phone, people spent time socializing, exercising, and enjoying nature.
They could also focus better.
Not just correlation. Causal evidence.
📖 Source: academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/ar...
🚨 Are bureaucrats being judged unfairly?
Today, Isa Bertram will defend her PhD on stereotypes about civil servants.
She shows:
❌ We have negative stereotypes about bureaucrats
❓ Such stereotypes affect our experience with bureaucrats, no matter how good the service is.
📷 Photos Jan Banning.
Today, Isa Bertram will defend her PhD on stereotypes about civil servants.
She shows:
❌ We have negative stereotypes about bureaucrats
❓ Such stereotypes affect our experience with bureaucrats, no matter how good the service is.
📷 Photos Jan Banning.
March 31, 2025 at 8:07 AM
🚨 Are bureaucrats being judged unfairly?
Today, Isa Bertram will defend her PhD on stereotypes about civil servants.
She shows:
❌ We have negative stereotypes about bureaucrats
❓ Such stereotypes affect our experience with bureaucrats, no matter how good the service is.
📷 Photos Jan Banning.
Today, Isa Bertram will defend her PhD on stereotypes about civil servants.
She shows:
❌ We have negative stereotypes about bureaucrats
❓ Such stereotypes affect our experience with bureaucrats, no matter how good the service is.
📷 Photos Jan Banning.
📢 Promotie "Gezichten van de Bureaucratie"
Maandag verdedigt Isa Bertram haar proefschrift over stereotypen over ambtenaren. 🎓
Iedereen heeft wel een mening over ambtenaren – en vaak geen positieve. Ambtenaren vinden we saai, inflexibel en ze ook nog vroeg naar huis.
📷 Foto's Jan Banning.
Maandag verdedigt Isa Bertram haar proefschrift over stereotypen over ambtenaren. 🎓
Iedereen heeft wel een mening over ambtenaren – en vaak geen positieve. Ambtenaren vinden we saai, inflexibel en ze ook nog vroeg naar huis.
📷 Foto's Jan Banning.
March 28, 2025 at 10:02 AM
📢 Promotie "Gezichten van de Bureaucratie"
Maandag verdedigt Isa Bertram haar proefschrift over stereotypen over ambtenaren. 🎓
Iedereen heeft wel een mening over ambtenaren – en vaak geen positieve. Ambtenaren vinden we saai, inflexibel en ze ook nog vroeg naar huis.
📷 Foto's Jan Banning.
Maandag verdedigt Isa Bertram haar proefschrift over stereotypen over ambtenaren. 🎓
Iedereen heeft wel een mening over ambtenaren – en vaak geen positieve. Ambtenaren vinden we saai, inflexibel en ze ook nog vroeg naar huis.
📷 Foto's Jan Banning.
Het kabinet will 22 procent bezuinigen op de rijksoverheid.
De rijksoverheid groeide de afgelopen jaren met ruim 39 duizend voltijdbanen, ofwel 35 procent in 9 jaar tijd.
Discussie bij EenVandaag over de groei van de overheid.
www.nporadio1.nl/fragmenten/e...
De rijksoverheid groeide de afgelopen jaren met ruim 39 duizend voltijdbanen, ofwel 35 procent in 9 jaar tijd.
Discussie bij EenVandaag over de groei van de overheid.
www.nporadio1.nl/fragmenten/e...
March 18, 2025 at 11:05 AM
Het kabinet will 22 procent bezuinigen op de rijksoverheid.
De rijksoverheid groeide de afgelopen jaren met ruim 39 duizend voltijdbanen, ofwel 35 procent in 9 jaar tijd.
Discussie bij EenVandaag over de groei van de overheid.
www.nporadio1.nl/fragmenten/e...
De rijksoverheid groeide de afgelopen jaren met ruim 39 duizend voltijdbanen, ofwel 35 procent in 9 jaar tijd.
Discussie bij EenVandaag over de groei van de overheid.
www.nporadio1.nl/fragmenten/e...
Giving employees autonomy can be great.
But sometimes, it backfires.
In a natural experiment, we found:
⚡ In calm times, empowering leadership energizes employees.
🔥 During an intense crisis, empowering leadership drains them.
@pmreview.bsky.social @henricovanroekel.bsky.social
But sometimes, it backfires.
In a natural experiment, we found:
⚡ In calm times, empowering leadership energizes employees.
🔥 During an intense crisis, empowering leadership drains them.
@pmreview.bsky.social @henricovanroekel.bsky.social
March 12, 2025 at 12:04 PM
Giving employees autonomy can be great.
But sometimes, it backfires.
In a natural experiment, we found:
⚡ In calm times, empowering leadership energizes employees.
🔥 During an intense crisis, empowering leadership drains them.
@pmreview.bsky.social @henricovanroekel.bsky.social
But sometimes, it backfires.
In a natural experiment, we found:
⚡ In calm times, empowering leadership energizes employees.
🔥 During an intense crisis, empowering leadership drains them.
@pmreview.bsky.social @henricovanroekel.bsky.social
💸 Paying people to #vaccinate sounds smart... but it didn’t work.
🚫 No effect on vaccination rates.
🏠 Worse: people at the same address (who didn’t get paid) were less likely to get boosted.
⚠️ Incentives can backfire.
#BehavioralScience
jamanetwork.com/journals/jam... @sebjilke.bsky.social
🚫 No effect on vaccination rates.
🏠 Worse: people at the same address (who didn’t get paid) were less likely to get boosted.
⚠️ Incentives can backfire.
#BehavioralScience
jamanetwork.com/journals/jam... @sebjilke.bsky.social
February 11, 2025 at 8:39 AM
💸 Paying people to #vaccinate sounds smart... but it didn’t work.
🚫 No effect on vaccination rates.
🏠 Worse: people at the same address (who didn’t get paid) were less likely to get boosted.
⚠️ Incentives can backfire.
#BehavioralScience
jamanetwork.com/journals/jam... @sebjilke.bsky.social
🚫 No effect on vaccination rates.
🏠 Worse: people at the same address (who didn’t get paid) were less likely to get boosted.
⚠️ Incentives can backfire.
#BehavioralScience
jamanetwork.com/journals/jam... @sebjilke.bsky.social
We love to think empowering #leadership is always a good thing. But sometimes, it’s not. 🤔
In a natural experiment we found:
⚡ In calm times, empowering leadership fuels energy.
🔥 But during a crisis, it drains employees.
During a crisis, leaders need to step up, not step back.
In a natural experiment we found:
⚡ In calm times, empowering leadership fuels energy.
🔥 But during a crisis, it drains employees.
During a crisis, leaders need to step up, not step back.
February 5, 2025 at 9:35 AM
We love to think empowering #leadership is always a good thing. But sometimes, it’s not. 🤔
In a natural experiment we found:
⚡ In calm times, empowering leadership fuels energy.
🔥 But during a crisis, it drains employees.
During a crisis, leaders need to step up, not step back.
In a natural experiment we found:
⚡ In calm times, empowering leadership fuels energy.
🔥 But during a crisis, it drains employees.
During a crisis, leaders need to step up, not step back.
Reposted by Lars Tummers
Does empowering leadership help in a crisis? Not always... 🤔
In our new publication in @pmreview.bsky.social we put this leadership approach to the test in a real-world crisis!
Read the study here (OA): www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
@tummers.bsky.social @utrechtuniversity.bsky.social
In our new publication in @pmreview.bsky.social we put this leadership approach to the test in a real-world crisis!
Read the study here (OA): www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
@tummers.bsky.social @utrechtuniversity.bsky.social
Empowering leadership in crisis: a natural experiment
Existing research suggests that empowering leadership enhances employee well-being, but context-specific empirical studies in the public sector remain scarce. We investigated whether this positive ...
www.tandfonline.com
February 5, 2025 at 9:02 AM
Does empowering leadership help in a crisis? Not always... 🤔
In our new publication in @pmreview.bsky.social we put this leadership approach to the test in a real-world crisis!
Read the study here (OA): www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
@tummers.bsky.social @utrechtuniversity.bsky.social
In our new publication in @pmreview.bsky.social we put this leadership approach to the test in a real-world crisis!
Read the study here (OA): www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
@tummers.bsky.social @utrechtuniversity.bsky.social
Ontvang jij ook teveel email? 📧📧📧📧📧📧
Artikel In @fd.nl over overvolle inboxen.
"Linda Stone, voormalig manager bij Microsoft, ontdekte dat ze niet meer normaal ademhaalde zodra ze haar mailbox opende. Ze doopte dit fenomeen "email apnea."
Artikel In @fd.nl over overvolle inboxen.
"Linda Stone, voormalig manager bij Microsoft, ontdekte dat ze niet meer normaal ademhaalde zodra ze haar mailbox opende. Ze doopte dit fenomeen "email apnea."
January 15, 2025 at 8:58 AM
Ontvang jij ook teveel email? 📧📧📧📧📧📧
Artikel In @fd.nl over overvolle inboxen.
"Linda Stone, voormalig manager bij Microsoft, ontdekte dat ze niet meer normaal ademhaalde zodra ze haar mailbox opende. Ze doopte dit fenomeen "email apnea."
Artikel In @fd.nl over overvolle inboxen.
"Linda Stone, voormalig manager bij Microsoft, ontdekte dat ze niet meer normaal ademhaalde zodra ze haar mailbox opende. Ze doopte dit fenomeen "email apnea."