Gijs D Mulders
@gijsmulders.com
Solar system-like architectures appear for a small range of initial disk masses around F and G stars, but are not a common feature around K and M stars.
Perhaps we are somewhat special among #exoplanets?
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Perhaps we are somewhat special among #exoplanets?
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October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
Solar system-like architectures appear for a small range of initial disk masses around F and G stars, but are not a common feature around K and M stars.
Perhaps we are somewhat special among #exoplanets?
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Perhaps we are somewhat special among #exoplanets?
18 /🧵
While the mid mass architecture is most efficient at depositing water directly in the habitable zone:
It's pebble snow!
#exoplanets
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It's pebble snow!
#exoplanets
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October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
While the mid mass architecture is most efficient at depositing water directly in the habitable zone:
It's pebble snow!
#exoplanets
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It's pebble snow!
#exoplanets
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The low-mass architectures are quite efficient at creating water-worlds close to the star.
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October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
The low-mass architectures are quite efficient at creating water-worlds close to the star.
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The architectures are remarkably consistent across stellar mass, with the location and size of planets shifting with snow line and disk mass
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October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
The architectures are remarkably consistent across stellar mass, with the location and size of planets shifting with snow line and disk mass
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The mid mass architectures form a bimodal distribution:
Giant planet cores at the initial snow line location,
and a second peak with smaller, water-rich #exoplanets in the habitable zone!
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Giant planet cores at the initial snow line location,
and a second peak with smaller, water-rich #exoplanets in the habitable zone!
14/🧵
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
The mid mass architectures form a bimodal distribution:
Giant planet cores at the initial snow line location,
and a second peak with smaller, water-rich #exoplanets in the habitable zone!
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Giant planet cores at the initial snow line location,
and a second peak with smaller, water-rich #exoplanets in the habitable zone!
14/🧵
Low mass disks from predominantly planetary cores closer in, possible precursors to super-earths or waterworlds.
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October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
Low mass disks from predominantly planetary cores closer in, possible precursors to super-earths or waterworlds.
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The main results is there are three growth modes:
High mass disks form exclusively giant planet cores outside the snow line
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High mass disks form exclusively giant planet cores outside the snow line
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October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
The main results is there are three growth modes:
High mass disks form exclusively giant planet cores outside the snow line
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High mass disks form exclusively giant planet cores outside the snow line
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And explored a large range of stellar mass and disk mass to identify trends
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October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
And explored a large range of stellar mass and disk mass to identify trends
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And a snow line that moves in over time
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October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
And a snow line that moves in over time
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Sean added two components:
Pebble filtering from 100s of planetary cores growing simultaneously
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Pebble filtering from 100s of planetary cores growing simultaneously
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October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
Sean added two components:
Pebble filtering from 100s of planetary cores growing simultaneously
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Pebble filtering from 100s of planetary cores growing simultaneously
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How would the diverse population of giants planets discovered around other stars, impact the mass and water content of exoplanets in the habitable zone?
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October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
How would the diverse population of giants planets discovered around other stars, impact the mass and water content of exoplanets in the habitable zone?
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Jupiter has long been suspected to play as role in shaping the inner solar system and controlling water delivery to earth
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October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
Jupiter has long been suspected to play as role in shaping the inner solar system and controlling water delivery to earth
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One of the big mysterious in planet formation is how earth got to its current state:
Not too big or too small, and with the right amount of water to support life.
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Not too big or too small, and with the right amount of water to support life.
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October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
One of the big mysterious in planet formation is how earth got to its current state:
Not too big or too small, and with the right amount of water to support life.
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Not too big or too small, and with the right amount of water to support life.
2/🧵
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
August 20, 2025 at 10:04 PM
Probably because Jupiter was relatively massive for a giant planet, and prevented super-Earths from forming
July 1, 2025 at 9:50 PM
Probably because Jupiter was relatively massive for a giant planet, and prevented super-Earths from forming
So why does the solar system not have these inner super-Earths?
July 1, 2025 at 9:50 PM
So why does the solar system not have these inner super-Earths?
So the correlation between super Earths and giant planets depends strongly on the giant planet mass!
#exoplanets ☄️
#exoplanets ☄️
July 1, 2025 at 9:50 PM
So the correlation between super Earths and giant planets depends strongly on the giant planet mass!
#exoplanets ☄️
#exoplanets ☄️
While the super-Earth is two times LESS likely to have a super-Jupiter than than a random star
July 1, 2025 at 9:50 PM
While the super-Earth is two times LESS likely to have a super-Jupiter than than a random star
Then we split the sample in half by giant planet mass
Now the super-Earth is FOUR times more likely to have a Saturn-mass planet than a random star
Now the super-Earth is FOUR times more likely to have a Saturn-mass planet than a random star
July 1, 2025 at 9:50 PM
Then we split the sample in half by giant planet mass
Now the super-Earth is FOUR times more likely to have a Saturn-mass planet than a random star
Now the super-Earth is FOUR times more likely to have a Saturn-mass planet than a random star
Etienne also looked at conditional occurrence rates
A super-Earth is TWICE a likely to have a giant planet than a random star
A super-Earth is TWICE a likely to have a giant planet than a random star
July 1, 2025 at 9:50 PM
Etienne also looked at conditional occurrence rates
A super-Earth is TWICE a likely to have a giant planet than a random star
A super-Earth is TWICE a likely to have a giant planet than a random star
To make sure this wasn’t some sensitivity bias, we calculated giant planet occurrence rates for stars with and without super-Earths.
But the mass difference of a factor 6 remains
But the mass difference of a factor 6 remains
July 1, 2025 at 9:50 PM
To make sure this wasn’t some sensitivity bias, we calculated giant planet occurrence rates for stars with and without super-Earths.
But the mass difference of a factor 6 remains
But the mass difference of a factor 6 remains
Where we noticed that cold Jupiters are a lot smaller when they have a super-Earth companion, by about a factor 6 on average
July 1, 2025 at 9:50 PM
Where we noticed that cold Jupiters are a lot smaller when they have a super-Earth companion, by about a factor 6 on average
He analyzed the radial velocity sample from the California Legacy Survey
July 1, 2025 at 9:50 PM
He analyzed the radial velocity sample from the California Legacy Survey