Battery parts will also be shipped from Monor to the world's largest car factories.

With the development, the factory will employ 4300 people.

Abstract. Plants have evolved sophisticated cell-to-cell signaling systems to adapt to environmental stimuli. In response to the environmental stimuli, sig

Discover an ever-growing collection of research from the cutting edge of plant development on ScienceOpen.

Plant species are fantastic models for understanding how a single cell becomes a complex multicellular organism, providing opportunities to interrogate cel

Pistachio ( Pistacia vera ) is a drought and salinity-tolerant perennial whose fruit features a fleshy exo-mesocarp, or “hull,” that protects the kernel. Hull development and degradation are key to kernel quality, yet the anatomy and mechanisms driving hull breakdown during late-stage development remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the hull contains anatomically distinct layers of hypodermal parenchyma and filler parenchyma. Using a combination of transcriptome analyses and immunohistochemistry, we show that changes in pectin associated gene expression and modification of this polysaccharide are involved in hull cell size increase, loss of cell-cell adhesion, and softening. Anatomical analysis shows that filler parenchyma expands during late-stage hull development while hypodermal parenchyma remains constant in size. Field data suggest that irrigation and humidity affect pistachio hull split, implicating a role for water status in cell expansion. In summary, the complex interplay between molecular, cellular, and environmental changes suggests that cell layer–specific modifications of the cell wall are linked to exo-mesocarp splitting, forming a model for understanding the mechanism of fruit split during ripening in non-berry fruit crops. Highlight Cell-layer specific modifications of the cell wall are associated with cell expansion and loss of cell-cell adhesion, leading to hull split during late-stage pistachio fruit development. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

Transitioning from aquatic to terrestrial life required specialized vascular tissues, with xylem enabling water transport and structural support. Vascular-related NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2) domain (VND...

Apoplastic pH is a key regulator of plant development and environmental responses, influencing processes such as cell expansion, nutrient uptake, and intercellular signaling. Accurate tools for measur...