Ludger Woessmann
@woessmann.bsky.social
Professor of Economics, University of Munich
Director, ifo Center for the Economics of Education
https://sites.google.com/view/woessmann-e
Director, ifo Center for the Economics of Education
https://sites.google.com/view/woessmann-e
📢 FYI: 🧵 on 🆕 paper on training & early retirement: @hhsievertsen.bsky.social @lindseymacmillan.bsky.social @marirege.bsky.social @ingoisphording.bsky.social @raphaelbrade.bsky.social @econmunich.bsky.social @rationalitycrc.bsky.social @cesifo.org @ifoeducation.bsky.social
November 11, 2025 at 5:59 AM
📢 FYI: 🧵 on 🆕 paper on training & early retirement: @hhsievertsen.bsky.social @lindseymacmillan.bsky.social @marirege.bsky.social @ingoisphording.bsky.social @raphaelbrade.bsky.social @econmunich.bsky.social @rationalitycrc.bsky.social @cesifo.org @ifoeducation.bsky.social
📢 FYI: 🧵 on 🆕 paper on training & early retirement: @massimo-anelli.bsky.social @profdaviddorn.bsky.social @winterebmer.bsky.social @caspalh.bsky.social @simonjaeger.bsky.social @michelebelot.bsky.social @henninghermes.com @simonwiederhold.bsky.social @lergetporer.bsky.social
November 11, 2025 at 5:59 AM
📢 FYI: 🧵 on 🆕 paper on training & early retirement: @massimo-anelli.bsky.social @profdaviddorn.bsky.social @winterebmer.bsky.social @caspalh.bsky.social @simonjaeger.bsky.social @michelebelot.bsky.social @henninghermes.com @simonwiederhold.bsky.social @lergetporer.bsky.social
Finding that robot exposure led to labor market exit of elderly workers adds important nuance to literature on labor market effects of robots in Germany
Overall, findings highlight scope for policy to promote adjustment mechanisms conducive to aggregate productivity
9/9
Overall, findings highlight scope for policy to promote adjustment mechanisms conducive to aggregate productivity
9/9
November 11, 2025 at 5:59 AM
Finding that robot exposure led to labor market exit of elderly workers adds important nuance to literature on labor market effects of robots in Germany
Overall, findings highlight scope for policy to promote adjustment mechanisms conducive to aggregate productivity
9/9
Overall, findings highlight scope for policy to promote adjustment mechanisms conducive to aggregate productivity
9/9
➡️ Training & retiring are relevant adjustment mechanisms used by firms & workers in intricate ways to react to disruptions
➡️ Structural change induces both productivity-enhancing & -reducing responses
➡️ Challenges simple narratives of labor market adaptation
8/9
➡️ Structural change induces both productivity-enhancing & -reducing responses
➡️ Challenges simple narratives of labor market adaptation
8/9
November 11, 2025 at 5:59 AM
➡️ Training & retiring are relevant adjustment mechanisms used by firms & workers in intricate ways to react to disruptions
➡️ Structural change induces both productivity-enhancing & -reducing responses
➡️ Challenges simple narratives of labor market adaptation
8/9
➡️ Structural change induces both productivity-enhancing & -reducing responses
➡️ Challenges simple narratives of labor market adaptation
8/9
I.e., response to robot 🤖 adoption:
⬆️ training 🧠 in indirectly affected services 🏢 but
⬆️ early retirement 👴 in directly affected manufacturing 🏭
Response to import 🌏 competition:
⬇️ training 🧠
⬆️ early retirement 👴 in manufacturing 🏭
Opposite response to export expansion 🔁
7/9
⬆️ training 🧠 in indirectly affected services 🏢 but
⬆️ early retirement 👴 in directly affected manufacturing 🏭
Response to import 🌏 competition:
⬇️ training 🧠
⬆️ early retirement 👴 in manufacturing 🏭
Opposite response to export expansion 🔁
7/9
November 11, 2025 at 5:59 AM
I.e., response to robot 🤖 adoption:
⬆️ training 🧠 in indirectly affected services 🏢 but
⬆️ early retirement 👴 in directly affected manufacturing 🏭
Response to import 🌏 competition:
⬇️ training 🧠
⬆️ early retirement 👴 in manufacturing 🏭
Opposite response to export expansion 🔁
7/9
⬆️ training 🧠 in indirectly affected services 🏢 but
⬆️ early retirement 👴 in directly affected manufacturing 🏭
Response to import 🌏 competition:
⬇️ training 🧠
⬆️ early retirement 👴 in manufacturing 🏭
Opposite response to export expansion 🔁
7/9
4️⃣ Robot 🤖 exposure raises early retirement among manufacturing workers 🧑🏭🏖️
5️⃣ Same for import 🌏 exposure
6️⃣ Opposite for export exposure 🔁
6/9
5️⃣ Same for import 🌏 exposure
6️⃣ Opposite for export exposure 🔁
6/9
November 11, 2025 at 5:59 AM
4️⃣ Robot 🤖 exposure raises early retirement among manufacturing workers 🧑🏭🏖️
5️⃣ Same for import 🌏 exposure
6️⃣ Opposite for export exposure 🔁
6/9
5️⃣ Same for import 🌏 exposure
6️⃣ Opposite for export exposure 🔁
6/9
Results:
1️⃣ Robot 🤖 exposure increases training 🧠—particularly in indirectly affected services 🧑💼
2️⃣ Import 🌏 exposure reduces training—particularly in manufacturing 🏭
3️⃣ Opposite for export exposure 🔁
5/9
1️⃣ Robot 🤖 exposure increases training 🧠—particularly in indirectly affected services 🧑💼
2️⃣ Import 🌏 exposure reduces training—particularly in manufacturing 🏭
3️⃣ Opposite for export exposure 🔁
5/9
November 11, 2025 at 5:59 AM
Results:
1️⃣ Robot 🤖 exposure increases training 🧠—particularly in indirectly affected services 🧑💼
2️⃣ Import 🌏 exposure reduces training—particularly in manufacturing 🏭
3️⃣ Opposite for export exposure 🔁
5/9
1️⃣ Robot 🤖 exposure increases training 🧠—particularly in indirectly affected services 🧑💼
2️⃣ Import 🌏 exposure reduces training—particularly in manufacturing 🏭
3️⃣ Opposite for export exposure 🔁
5/9
Established methods:
Shift-share measures of local exposure to
➡️ Trade integration with China & Eastern Europe 🗺️
➡️ Industrial robot adoption 🤖
Identification
➡️ Instrument local exposure using industry-specific changes in other high-income countries 🌐
4/9
Shift-share measures of local exposure to
➡️ Trade integration with China & Eastern Europe 🗺️
➡️ Industrial robot adoption 🤖
Identification
➡️ Instrument local exposure using industry-specific changes in other high-income countries 🌐
4/9
November 11, 2025 at 5:59 AM
Established methods:
Shift-share measures of local exposure to
➡️ Trade integration with China & Eastern Europe 🗺️
➡️ Industrial robot adoption 🤖
Identification
➡️ Instrument local exposure using industry-specific changes in other high-income countries 🌐
4/9
Shift-share measures of local exposure to
➡️ Trade integration with China & Eastern Europe 🗺️
➡️ Industrial robot adoption 🤖
Identification
➡️ Instrument local exposure using industry-specific changes in other high-income countries 🌐
4/9
Novel data construction for German local labor markets, 1994-2014:
1️⃣ Training participation from Microcensus 📊
2️⃣ Early retirement from IAB employment records 🗂️
3/9
1️⃣ Training participation from Microcensus 📊
2️⃣ Early retirement from IAB employment records 🗂️
3/9
November 11, 2025 at 5:59 AM
Novel data construction for German local labor markets, 1994-2014:
1️⃣ Training participation from Microcensus 📊
2️⃣ Early retirement from IAB employment records 🗂️
3/9
1️⃣ Training participation from Microcensus 📊
2️⃣ Early retirement from IAB employment records 🗂️
3/9
How do firms & workers adjust to trade & technology shocks?
We study 2 mechanisms that received little attention:
1️⃣ Training: upgrade skills 🧠💻
2️⃣ Early retirement: shift adjustment costs to public pension systems 🧾🏖️
Opposite implications for aggregate productivity 🔁
2/9
We study 2 mechanisms that received little attention:
1️⃣ Training: upgrade skills 🧠💻
2️⃣ Early retirement: shift adjustment costs to public pension systems 🧾🏖️
Opposite implications for aggregate productivity 🔁
2/9
November 11, 2025 at 5:59 AM
How do firms & workers adjust to trade & technology shocks?
We study 2 mechanisms that received little attention:
1️⃣ Training: upgrade skills 🧠💻
2️⃣ Early retirement: shift adjustment costs to public pension systems 🧾🏖️
Opposite implications for aggregate productivity 🔁
2/9
We study 2 mechanisms that received little attention:
1️⃣ Training: upgrade skills 🧠💻
2️⃣ Early retirement: shift adjustment costs to public pension systems 🧾🏖️
Opposite implications for aggregate productivity 🔁
2/9
Reposted by Ludger Woessmann
And oh boy, "Adam's Research Minute" is a banger. The
@benjaminarold.bsky.social, @woessmann.bsky.social, Zierow research on how schooling affects religiosity is super important and interesting. Here's the link to the journal article: jhr.uwpress.org/content/earl...
6/n
@benjaminarold.bsky.social, @woessmann.bsky.social, Zierow research on how schooling affects religiosity is super important and interesting. Here's the link to the journal article: jhr.uwpress.org/content/earl...
6/n
Can Schools Change Religious Attitudes?
We study whether compulsory religious education in schools affects students’ religiosity as adults. We exploit the staggered termination of compulsory religious education across German states in model...
jhr.uwpress.org
October 22, 2025 at 2:38 PM
And oh boy, "Adam's Research Minute" is a banger. The
@benjaminarold.bsky.social, @woessmann.bsky.social, Zierow research on how schooling affects religiosity is super important and interesting. Here's the link to the journal article: jhr.uwpress.org/content/earl...
6/n
@benjaminarold.bsky.social, @woessmann.bsky.social, Zierow research on how schooling affects religiosity is super important and interesting. Here's the link to the journal article: jhr.uwpress.org/content/earl...
6/n
Unser wichtigster Gradmesser der bundeslandspezifischen Entwicklung. Leider nur alle 6 Jahre.
Extrem wichtige Zahlen. Sie sind ein Desaster.
Die Bildungsministerkonferenz dazu: „Licht und Schatten im IQB-Bildungstrend 2024“😯🤷
3/3
Extrem wichtige Zahlen. Sie sind ein Desaster.
Die Bildungsministerkonferenz dazu: „Licht und Schatten im IQB-Bildungstrend 2024“😯🤷
3/3
October 17, 2025 at 5:32 AM
Unser wichtigster Gradmesser der bundeslandspezifischen Entwicklung. Leider nur alle 6 Jahre.
Extrem wichtige Zahlen. Sie sind ein Desaster.
Die Bildungsministerkonferenz dazu: „Licht und Schatten im IQB-Bildungstrend 2024“😯🤷
3/3
Extrem wichtige Zahlen. Sie sind ein Desaster.
Die Bildungsministerkonferenz dazu: „Licht und Schatten im IQB-Bildungstrend 2024“😯🤷
3/3
Alle sozio-demographischen Gruppen betroffen.
Rückgang in allen Bundesländern. (Lediglich Hamburg (in allen Fächern) nicht signifikant.) Z.B. Mathe:
NRW -34⬇️
Bayern -23⬇️
2/3
Rückgang in allen Bundesländern. (Lediglich Hamburg (in allen Fächern) nicht signifikant.) Z.B. Mathe:
NRW -34⬇️
Bayern -23⬇️
2/3
October 17, 2025 at 5:32 AM
Alle sozio-demographischen Gruppen betroffen.
Rückgang in allen Bundesländern. (Lediglich Hamburg (in allen Fächern) nicht signifikant.) Z.B. Mathe:
NRW -34⬇️
Bayern -23⬇️
2/3
Rückgang in allen Bundesländern. (Lediglich Hamburg (in allen Fächern) nicht signifikant.) Z.B. Mathe:
NRW -34⬇️
Bayern -23⬇️
2/3
📢 FYI: 🆕 paper on religious education out in JHR: @tomdee.bsky.social @kinnelavinia.bsky.social @raphaelbrade.bsky.social @econmunich.bsky.social @rationalitycrc.bsky.social @cesifo.org @ifoeducation.bsky.social
October 10, 2025 at 5:01 AM
📢 FYI: 🆕 paper on religious education out in JHR: @tomdee.bsky.social @kinnelavinia.bsky.social @raphaelbrade.bsky.social @econmunich.bsky.social @rationalitycrc.bsky.social @cesifo.org @ifoeducation.bsky.social
📢 FYI: 🆕 paper on religious education out in JHR: @colinpgreen.bsky.social @johanneshaushofer.com @marirege.bsky.social @astridsandsor.bsky.social @jeffdenning.com @ingoisphording.bsky.social @henninghermes.com @simonwiederhold.bsky.social @profsimonb.bsky.social @michelebelot.bsky.social
October 10, 2025 at 5:01 AM
📢 FYI: 🆕 paper on religious education out in JHR: @colinpgreen.bsky.social @johanneshaushofer.com @marirege.bsky.social @astridsandsor.bsky.social @jeffdenning.com @ingoisphording.bsky.social @henninghermes.com @simonwiederhold.bsky.social @profsimonb.bsky.social @michelebelot.bsky.social
📢 FYI: 🆕 paper on religious education out in JHR: @cedr.bsky.social @lindseymacmillan.bsky.social @lnavarrosola.bsky.social @gzamarro.bsky.social @matthewakraft.com @mdoepke.bsky.social @kirabojackson.bsky.social @singhabhi.bsky.social @arielkalil.bsky.social @adegendre.bsky.social
October 10, 2025 at 5:01 AM
📢 FYI: 🆕 paper on religious education out in JHR: @cedr.bsky.social @lindseymacmillan.bsky.social @lnavarrosola.bsky.social @gzamarro.bsky.social @matthewakraft.com @mdoepke.bsky.social @kirabojackson.bsky.social @singhabhi.bsky.social @arielkalil.bsky.social @adegendre.bsky.social
📢 FYI: 🆕 paper on religious education out in JHR: @essobecker.bsky.social @jaredcrubin.com @jeanetbentzen.bsky.social @nathannunn.bsky.social @lergetporer.bsky.social @dynarski.bsky.social @joshua-goodman.com @peterbergman.bsky.social @imbernomics.bsky.social @hhsievertsen.bsky.social
https://ergetporer.bsky.social
October 10, 2025 at 5:01 AM
📢 FYI: 🆕 paper on religious education out in JHR: @essobecker.bsky.social @jaredcrubin.com @jeanetbentzen.bsky.social @nathannunn.bsky.social @lergetporer.bsky.social @dynarski.bsky.social @joshua-goodman.com @peterbergman.bsky.social @imbernomics.bsky.social @hhsievertsen.bsky.social
➡️Content of school curriculum exerts lifetime influence on students
Even on inner attitudes + values such as religiosity
What you learn in school is for life, indeed‼️
6/6
Even on inner attitudes + values such as religiosity
What you learn in school is for life, indeed‼️
6/6
October 10, 2025 at 5:01 AM
➡️Content of school curriculum exerts lifetime influence on students
Even on inner attitudes + values such as religiosity
What you learn in school is for life, indeed‼️
6/6
Even on inner attitudes + values such as religiosity
What you learn in school is for life, indeed‼️
6/6
Effects beyond religion:
🧑🏭 Higher labor-market participation + earnings (consistent with shift towards worldly norms + economic activities) 🌎
👨👩👧👦 Reduced fertility
By contrast, no effects on ethical + political values or non-religious school outcomes
5/6
🧑🏭 Higher labor-market participation + earnings (consistent with shift towards worldly norms + economic activities) 🌎
👨👩👧👦 Reduced fertility
By contrast, no effects on ethical + political values or non-religious school outcomes
5/6
October 10, 2025 at 5:01 AM
Effects beyond religion:
🧑🏭 Higher labor-market participation + earnings (consistent with shift towards worldly norms + economic activities) 🌎
👨👩👧👦 Reduced fertility
By contrast, no effects on ethical + political values or non-religious school outcomes
5/6
🧑🏭 Higher labor-market participation + earnings (consistent with shift towards worldly norms + economic activities) 🌎
👨👩👧👦 Reduced fertility
By contrast, no effects on ethical + political values or non-religious school outcomes
5/6