Following the Nazi invasion and occupation of Poland in 1939, many more Roma came under Nazi rule. Here, a Roma man stands for his photograph in occupied Poland in 1940.

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After four years of persecution, the underground organisation of the KPD and the SPD were more or less destroyed, meaning the Nazis could turn their attention to other ‘enemies of the state’.

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The facility contained three gas vans in which victims were murdered by carbon monoxide poisoning. Once dead, the vans were driven to a nearby forest and the victims were buried in mass graves.

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Our interactive Refugee Map allows you to browse and search a selection of our rich collection of family papers, including diaries, photo albums, identity and emigration papers, Red Cross letters and recorded interviews from those who escaped Nazi persecution. 🔗 Visit www.refugeemap.org

Nathan decided to start his own factory manufacturing furnishing fabrics in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. He commuted between London and Northern Ireland regularly. The family obtained British citizenship in September 1946.

The firm were sympathetic to the Jewish family’s situation in Nazi Germany and allowed him to transfer to their European office in London. He emigrated to the UK with his wife and daughters in September 1937.

With the beginning of the Second World War, work dried up... buff.ly/eMJDotK