A teleological liberal would say this is progress. A smaller-L liberal would say it is just elementary normative reflection plus the social conditions of the modern world.

3. Everyday political sense.
This sense of liberalism is about an overt commitment to counter-majoritarian institutions.

– a justification that they could, in principle, accept. In the modern world, you can’t escape that commitment without lies, BS, or false consciousness.

All you are going to get here is something more than historical derivation, but no more than family resemblances.

2. Minimal political sense.
This sense of liberalism very roughly means a commitment to the idea that every person is owed a justification for the exercise of political power over them-

Thank you so much!

I think perhaps 30% of the explanation will be to do with Russian culture and 70% to do with global forces, although there too you can distinguish between countries which got a higher and lower dose of them.

Great question but in general be careful not to hang too much on culture alone.