The policy outcome gap can only be measured post hoc, but we used data from the Climate Change Performance Index https://ccpi.org to map perceived domestic policy strength against lagged policy outcomes 8/

The policy adoption gap varies widely across countries, illustrated here using data from Climate Action Tracker. (+ means country's pledge is way more ambitious than their policies, - means vice versa). 6/

and that these gaps are a function of strategic pledging behavior, policy design, innovation, domestic institutions (e.g. electoral rules, state capacity) and interest group politics and public support (e.g. policy feedback) 5/

The emissions gap is the sum of the "ambition gap" (gap between emissions for 1.5°C and emissions under national pledges, or targets) and the "implementation gap" - the gap between national targets and national policies 3/

First, some definitions: The emissions gap is the difference between future global emissions in 1.5°C scenarios, and what future global emissions actually turn out to be. This gap is tracked every year by UNEP Emissions Gap Report colleagues https://unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2022… 2/

You've heard of the emissions gap, but what about the implementation gap? Our new comment in Nature Climate Change unpacks why countries don't deliver on their #climate pledges - a critical question for the Global Stocktake. https://rdcu.be/dhUk5 1/