What do we learn now that the pandemic is (luckily) over? Exposure is an important concept for understanding DA:
* Proximity matters: who lives with whom & how often they interact
* Housing density influences reporting
* The presence of witnesses affects whether abuse is detected and reported

On the reporting side: we found that calls for DA increased, but almost all of that increase came from third-party callers (i.e., neighbours, bystanders), not from victims themselves. This effect was stronger in high-density areas - where neighbours are more likely to overhear abuse.

Key empirical findings:
* Abuse by current partners ⬆️ ~8.5%
* Abuse by family members ⬆️ ~16.4%.
* Abuse by ex-partners ⬇️ ~9.4%.

➡️ A change in composition: more abuse in relationships marked by physical proximity (current partners, family), less in relationships defined by separation (exes).

Our joint paper relates to the previous work by @ansolassen.bsky.social and me in AEA P&P on economists (www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=...) and the work by @cairosofie.bsky.social and @valentinatartari.bsky.social on research productivity. Full working paper coming soon🚨

We show that scientists in wet fields, that have less flexibility in timing and location of work, suffer much larger penalties than dry fields. Women scientists in traditional couples (measured by the take up of parental leave) experience a larger penalty too.

The childbirth also leads to a drop in research output, measured by annual publications. It explains about 1/3 of the penalty on tenured employment, but the majority of the tenure gap cannot be explained by a drop in research output.

The motherhood penalty is especially stark when it comes to the likelihood of getting tenured. Men’s tenured employment remains unaffected by the arrival of a child, while women face a 20 pp drop. The effects of the motherhood penalty persist long after childbirth, even 8 years later.

We use Danish administrative data and follow individuals from the start of their PhDs. Before having children, men and women in academia follow similar career paths. But following parenthood, we find that mothers are 15 pp less likely than fathers to remain employed as faculty at universities.

It has huge negative impacts on the women. Bindler & Ketel (2022) find that reported IPV➡️ 18% ⬇️ in earnings & ⬆️ welfare benefits by 42%. Adams et al (2024) find that they experience immediate economic costs of partnering up with an abusive man, even if they do not report physical abuse themselves.

Most of it remains unreported. Of the women who have experienced physical violence or threats and/or sexual violence in their lifetime, only 20.5 % have contacted a healthcare service or social service provider as a result of the incident, and 13.9 % have reported the incident to the police.

Report from @eu-eurostat.extwitter.link released today: One in every 3 women (31.8%) in Europe has experienced physical violence or threats, sexual violence and/or psychological violence (IPV) over the course of their lives by an intimate partner. 1 out of 3!

Thanks for doing this. Can I be added please?