As you point out, we can't be sure, but I think that schools as a whole have scaled back less from accountability regimes than we think b/c, as you point out, they were actually happening before NCLB. I liked this paper for looking at test score complexity: edworkingpapers.com/sites/defaul...

Thanks! I did that (I think) in the second post, but it's weird the link stayed there even when I deleted it from the first.

My one quibble might be that NCLB likely did have impacts on civics and science scores because schools tended to de-emphasize those subjects to meet NCLB requirements, but even that is not enough to explain everything else!

Source: doi.org/10.3200/TCHS...

Hofstadter was right.

Districts are desperate to find tools that help kids and there are many snake oil salesmen out there, but it seems to me that if we're recognizing kindergartners don't need Chromebooks maybe we could also do a little digging about the efficacy of AI in the classroom first.

Memory holing would require knowing about him the first place, which seems to be a big ask of these compromising nitwits.