Shareholders

In short, we need to move on from a positivist to a post-positivist perspective. Stop presenting findings as point estimates (which are always, irredemiably, going to be wrong) and instead offer a band of likely values.

However, that is not to say that judicial prejudice can never be detected. In certain cases, when that prejudice is present and the model uncertainty is narrow enough, we can. See example for the case of disparities against Black offenders.

We do not know what is the right set of controls, so the only honest answer is to find a way reflect that model uncertainty. This involves accepting that the true extent of judicial prejudice is unknowable. See model uncertainty in disparities in sentence length vs Hispanics in the US Federal Court.

We highlight a trade-off between confounding and post-treatment bias when it comes to deciding what to do with judicially-defined case characteristics like remorse. Criminologists tend to control for such case characteristics, while Econometricians dont. They are both wrong.

We look at sentencing, but what we discuss is relevant to other CJS processes and even other decision-making contexts where there is discretion in both the outcome and how the case is defined. We should be mindful that prejudice can manifest at either stage and choose our controls accordingly.

The same applies to time, absorbed by teaching and service, and access to networks too. It is not the same to carve your own path than to be led by the hand.

"Local universities are the top international exporting sector in cities including Exeter, Dundee, Leicester and Nottingham and are among the largest high skilled “knowledge” sector employers in many parts of the UK." www.centreforcities.org/press/univer...
To shit with exports and regional growth.

U.K. universities have seen a drop in overseas students. Plus many have a budget shortfall, so the impact is on staff redundancies resulting in larger tutor groups, loss of non academic staff, loss of facilities, loss of spending in uni towns and cities, loss of innovation support locally.

RCTs are the gold standard! They pyramid says so.

Losing the US is actually an opportunity.