Read more about all of this (and more!) in my publication from last year which is available in print, pdf, and web-friendly Substack

(theceme.substack.com/p/private-pl...)

Of interest, is that this rebuilding also included multi-story houses being replaced by purpose-built flats (as in Howards End)

Much of this, of course, also occurred in areas with less concentrated land ownership. Though on the great estates this was done in more planned ways.

In the most extreme examples whole portions of neighborhoods like Hans Town and the area surrounding Mount Street in Mayfair (pictured) were rebuilt at a higher density in ways more suited to the market.

Because of the class of resident in the Grosvenor's Mayfair this also included things like restrictions on building works during the London social season (as seen in Bridgerton)

The estates were able to provide things such as green space (including London’s famous private garden squares) when they added net value because they owned the surrounding real estate which captured the value.

The map above is one of many that show the historic landlords who owned much of inner London. Many of these landholders were often aristocratic families, religious institutions, or charities.

The most valuable estates like those held by the Duke of Westminster are sometimes called great estates.

Urbanists often look to places like zoning-free Houston, the private places of St Louis, and privately-developed exurban communities like Irvine. There we see rules about land use emerge between residents and via developers.

I wrote about another example.

theceme.substack.com/p/private-pl...
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old data from here but note how low the rates are at the low end of the UK threshold for children in other countries www.oecd.org/en/publicati...