A one-size-fits-all approach to climate change won’t work in Mexico, where climate adaptation is highly unequal. Currently, private responses such as air conditioning, migration, and financial adjustment play a central role. These mechanisms are often more accessible to higher-income households while exacerbating inequality and shifting climate risks onto poorer, informal, and rural populations, as well as overburdening health, labour, and financial systems.

Internal migration in Indonesia raises wages and improves access to formal employment for the workers left behind, particularly lower-educated workers, by easing labour supply pressures and reallocating jobs across the formal and informal sector.