Michelle Wille
@duckswabber.bsky.social
Avian influenza & avian virome ecology | "Expert in Ducks" | (she/her) | michellewille.com
Can we make transgenic chickens to make them more resilient against HPAI?
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
November 27, 2025 at 6:34 AM
Can we make transgenic chickens to make them more resilient against HPAI?
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
HUGE outbreak of HPAI in Norwegian seabirds, w "environmental contamination" of sheep grazing areas. 1/220 sheep tested positive by serology.
👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/...
👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/...
November 27, 2025 at 6:25 AM
HUGE outbreak of HPAI in Norwegian seabirds, w "environmental contamination" of sheep grazing areas. 1/220 sheep tested positive by serology.
👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/...
👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/...
Reposted by Michelle Wille
Are influenza B viruses really “human only”? New review synthesises evidence from serology & metagenomics for #IBV / IBV-like viruses in animals and aquatic hosts. One Health gaps remain. With @marioskoutsakos.viralvaxlab.com @duckswabber.bsky.social www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17...
November 25, 2025 at 4:46 AM
Are influenza B viruses really “human only”? New review synthesises evidence from serology & metagenomics for #IBV / IBV-like viruses in animals and aquatic hosts. One Health gaps remain. With @marioskoutsakos.viralvaxlab.com @duckswabber.bsky.social www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/17...
702 workers from 42 LBMs in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2017: 28.3% +ve H9, 2% H5, 3% both H5 +H9, 66% unsubtyped in resp swabs. None seropositive for AIVs - environmental contamination vs bona fide infection?
👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/...
👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/...
November 27, 2025 at 6:15 AM
702 workers from 42 LBMs in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2017: 28.3% +ve H9, 2% H5, 3% both H5 +H9, 66% unsubtyped in resp swabs. None seropositive for AIVs - environmental contamination vs bona fide infection?
👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/...
👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/...
NA-N322S + G389D mutations enhance NA activity of H7N9, synergizes with PB2–627K to enhance H7N9 virulence in mice. NA-N322S 🔺 prevalent in avian- and human-origin H7N9 viruses.
👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...
👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...
November 27, 2025 at 6:08 AM
NA-N322S + G389D mutations enhance NA activity of H7N9, synergizes with PB2–627K to enhance H7N9 virulence in mice. NA-N322S 🔺 prevalent in avian- and human-origin H7N9 viruses.
👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...
👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...
Great work up on isolates from Antarctica: some w PB2 mutations = efficient mammalian replication. But, preference for avian receptors. Cross-reactivity with existing CVVs.
👉 www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-8...
👉 www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-8...
November 27, 2025 at 6:04 AM
Great work up on isolates from Antarctica: some w PB2 mutations = efficient mammalian replication. But, preference for avian receptors. Cross-reactivity with existing CVVs.
👉 www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-8...
👉 www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-8...
Alberta, Canada 2021–2024: 5/267 wild pigs seropositive for IAV, with HI assay + VNT confirming H5-specific antibodies. Surprising given few infections in domestic pigs!
👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10....
👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10....
November 27, 2025 at 5:31 AM
Alberta, Canada 2021–2024: 5/267 wild pigs seropositive for IAV, with HI assay + VNT confirming H5-specific antibodies. Surprising given few infections in domestic pigs!
👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10....
👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10....
histopath lesions + antigen distribution IHC of 115 PCR-ve wild birds that died from HPAI: antigen in multiple organs, 🔺in brain followed by the resp tract, heart, pancreas and kidney. In brain: neurons, neuropil and endothelium.
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
November 27, 2025 at 5:26 AM
histopath lesions + antigen distribution IHC of 115 PCR-ve wild birds that died from HPAI: antigen in multiple organs, 🔺in brain followed by the resp tract, heart, pancreas and kidney. In brain: neurons, neuropil and endothelium.
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
3 H1N1 isolated from wild ducks in Jiangxi Province, China. 2/3replicated efficiently in mice without pre-adaptation.
👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...
👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...
November 27, 2025 at 5:22 AM
3 H1N1 isolated from wild ducks in Jiangxi Province, China. 2/3replicated efficiently in mice without pre-adaptation.
👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...
👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...
China, Dec 22 - Jan 2024: 17 H11 viruses. Complex reassortment patterns, including w 2.3.4.4b = 7 genotypes. Mutations associated w enhanced human-type receptor binding +increased mammalian virulence. Could infect mice directly without prior adaptation
👉 www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
👉 www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
November 27, 2025 at 5:19 AM
China, Dec 22 - Jan 2024: 17 H11 viruses. Complex reassortment patterns, including w 2.3.4.4b = 7 genotypes. Mutations associated w enhanced human-type receptor binding +increased mammalian virulence. Could infect mice directly without prior adaptation
👉 www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
👉 www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10....
Moguhu Reservoir China, 2018: 6/136 +ve H2, H3, H4, H5, H9. Viruses similar to Mongolian, Russian, Bangladesh sequences in East African-West Asian and Central Asian Flyways
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
November 27, 2025 at 5:13 AM
Moguhu Reservoir China, 2018: 6/136 +ve H2, H3, H4, H5, H9. Viruses similar to Mongolian, Russian, Bangladesh sequences in East African-West Asian and Central Asian Flyways
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
2022 Guangdong Province China: serological survey = H3N8 antibodies in 10.85% in farmed chickens and 7.97% in ducks. 3 isolates share E190 residue with H3N8 human case. Have dual receptor-binding properties.
👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15...
👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15...
November 27, 2025 at 4:46 AM
2022 Guangdong Province China: serological survey = H3N8 antibodies in 10.85% in farmed chickens and 7.97% in ducks. 3 isolates share E190 residue with H3N8 human case. Have dual receptor-binding properties.
👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15...
👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/15...
Mexico, Sept 2025, detection of 2344b H5N2 in a human patient. Reassortant bw 2344b H5N1 and LPAI H5N2 viruses circulating in Mexico.
👉 www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1...
👉 www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1...
November 27, 2025 at 4:36 AM
Mexico, Sept 2025, detection of 2344b H5N2 in a human patient. Reassortant bw 2344b H5N1 and LPAI H5N2 viruses circulating in Mexico.
👉 www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1...
👉 www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1...
Update from the WHO/WOAH/FAO H5 Evolution Working Group: 12 new clade designations based on division of clade 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.4.4 viruses, reported in Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, the Americas and Oceania
👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
November 27, 2025 at 4:26 AM
Update from the WHO/WOAH/FAO H5 Evolution Working Group: 12 new clade designations based on division of clade 2.3.2.1c and 2.3.4.4 viruses, reported in Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, the Americas and Oceania
👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
Unsurprisingly, the suspected cases of HPAI H5N1 in elephant seals on Australia's subAntarctic island (Heard Island) have been confirmed.
👉 minister.agriculture.gov.au/collins/medi...
👉 minister.agriculture.gov.au/collins/medi...
November 25, 2025 at 2:39 AM
Unsurprisingly, the suspected cases of HPAI H5N1 in elephant seals on Australia's subAntarctic island (Heard Island) have been confirmed.
👉 minister.agriculture.gov.au/collins/medi...
👉 minister.agriculture.gov.au/collins/medi...
Japan, 2022-23, largest HPAI outbreak ever: 84 poultry farms, culled 17 million birds. Lots of laying hens per farm (≥100,000 birds) a risk factor. Changing shoes at entrance + back door= potential protective factors
👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/...
👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/...
November 18, 2025 at 11:38 PM
Japan, 2022-23, largest HPAI outbreak ever: 84 poultry farms, culled 17 million birds. Lots of laying hens per farm (≥100,000 birds) a risk factor. Changing shoes at entrance + back door= potential protective factors
👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/...
👉 onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/...
Substantial overview of HPAI H5 cases in humans, 1997-2005. Huge effort in data curation and cleaning, bring together a really clear and comprehensive story.
👉 academic.oup.com/nsr/advance-...
👉 academic.oup.com/nsr/advance-...
November 18, 2025 at 11:30 PM
Substantial overview of HPAI H5 cases in humans, 1997-2005. Huge effort in data curation and cleaning, bring together a really clear and comprehensive story.
👉 academic.oup.com/nsr/advance-...
👉 academic.oup.com/nsr/advance-...
What is the threat of HPAI to human health? Overview of cases, diagnostics, treatment, preparedness, countermeasures.
👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...
👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...
November 18, 2025 at 11:25 PM
What is the threat of HPAI to human health? Overview of cases, diagnostics, treatment, preparedness, countermeasures.
👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...
👉 www.sciencedirect.com/science/arti...
Key ecological drivers of HPAI in Asia: sustained circulation in live bird markets, subclinical infection in domestic ducks, wild birds as reservoirs, multiple species w dual receptors that can act as mixing vessels enabling reassortment
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
November 18, 2025 at 11:20 PM
Key ecological drivers of HPAI in Asia: sustained circulation in live bird markets, subclinical infection in domestic ducks, wild birds as reservoirs, multiple species w dual receptors that can act as mixing vessels enabling reassortment
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
Latest from OFFLU: Guidelines for HPAI virus risk mitigation in cattle.
👉 offlu.org/publications...
👉 offlu.org/publications...
November 18, 2025 at 11:11 PM
Latest from OFFLU: Guidelines for HPAI virus risk mitigation in cattle.
👉 offlu.org/publications...
👉 offlu.org/publications...
10 H10 viruses from Italy, 1994-2007. Several molecular markers, associated with increased zoonotic potential. Diversity of H10 in sympatric waterbird species.
👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13...
👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13...
November 18, 2025 at 11:09 PM
10 H10 viruses from Italy, 1994-2007. Several molecular markers, associated with increased zoonotic potential. Diversity of H10 in sympatric waterbird species.
👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13...
👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13...
H9 is endemic in poultry in Asia. In Guangxi, G57 predominant lineage. H9N2 Genotypes in swine, equines, canines similar to those in avian species at the same time. Likely antigenic drift from vaccines.
👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13...
👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13...
November 18, 2025 at 11:06 PM
H9 is endemic in poultry in Asia. In Guangxi, G57 predominant lineage. H9N2 Genotypes in swine, equines, canines similar to those in avian species at the same time. Likely antigenic drift from vaccines.
👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13...
👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/13...
Modelling to try to understand how wild birds could bring H7 into Russia, and estimating outbreak risk in poultry farms.
👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14...
👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14...
November 18, 2025 at 11:03 PM
Modelling to try to understand how wild birds could bring H7 into Russia, and estimating outbreak risk in poultry farms.
👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14...
👉 www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/14...
H10N3 and H10N5 in China differ from other H10s by their dual α2,3/α2,6 receptor-binding capacity. 2 viruses described cause severe infection in mice. HA K165E substitution identified
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
November 18, 2025 at 10:56 PM
H10N3 and H10N5 in China differ from other H10s by their dual α2,3/α2,6 receptor-binding capacity. 2 viruses described cause severe infection in mice. HA K165E substitution identified
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
👉 link.springer.com/article/10.1...
More work linking irregular iris pigmentation in gannets to prior HPAI infections: likelihood of NP antibody increased with iris pigment irregularity. Moderate correlations for H5 antibodies.
👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
November 18, 2025 at 10:52 PM
More work linking irregular iris pigmentation in gannets to prior HPAI infections: likelihood of NP antibody increased with iris pigment irregularity. Moderate correlations for H5 antibodies.
👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
👉 www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...