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A virus that typically infects black-eyed peas is showing great promise as a low-cost, potent cancer immunotherapy—and researchers are uncovering why. In a study published in Cell Biomaterials, a team led by chemical and nano engineers at the University of California San Diego took a closer look at how the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), unlike other plant viruses, is uniquely effective at activating the body’s immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells. In preclinical studies, CPMV has demonstrated potent anti-tumor effects in multiple mouse models, as well as in canine cancer patients. When injected directly into tumors, CPMV therapy recruits innate immune cells—such as neutrophils, macrophages and natural killer cells—into the tumor microenvironment to destroy cancer cells. Meanwhile, it activates B cells and T cells to establish systemic, long-lasting anti-tumor memory. This immune reawakening not only helps clear the targeted tumor but also primes the immune system to hunt down metastatic tumors elsewhere in the body. “It is fascinating that CPMV but not other plant viruses stimulates an anti-tumor response,” said Nicole Steinmetz, the Leo and Trude Szilard Chancellor's Endowed Chair in the Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering at the UC San Diego Jacobs School of Engineering and the study’s corresponding author. “This work gives us insight into how CPMV works so well,” said study first author Anthony Omole, a chemical and nano engineering Ph.D. student in Steinmetz’s lab. “What we found most exciting is that although human immune cells are not infected by CPMV, they respond to it and are reprogrammed towards an activated state, which ultimately trains them to detect and eradicate cancerous cells.”   A key question in translating CPMV to human cancer patients has been: what makes this plant virus so effective at fighting cancer? To investigate, Omole, Steinmetz and colleagues at the National Cancer Institute’s ​​Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory performed a side-by-side comparison of CPMV with the cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), a closely related plant virus that does not exhibit anti-tumor effects when administered intratumorally. Both viruses form similarly sized nanoparticles and are taken up by human immune cells at similar rates. Yet, once inside, the viruses produce different outcomes. CPMV, the team found, stimulates type I, II and III interferons—proteins with well-known anti-cancer properties. “This is particularly interesting because some of the earliest cancer immunotherapy drugs were recombinant interferons,” noted Omole. Meanwhile, CCMV stimulates a set of pro-inflammatory interleukins that do not translate to effective tumor clearance. Another difference lies in how these viruses’ RNAs are processed within mammalian cells. CPMV RNAs persist longer and get delivered to the endolysosome, where they activate toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), a critical component in priming antiviral—and more importantly—anti-tumor immune responses. CCMV RNAs, on the other hand, fail to reach this activation point. CPMV also offers a unique advantage as a cost-effective immunotherapy. Unlike many other therapies that require complex and costly manufacturing, CPMV can be produced using molecular farming. “It can be grown in plants using sunlight, soil and water,” Omole said. The team is working toward advancing CPMV to clinical trials. “The present study provides important insights into the mechanism of action of CPMV. We are diligently working toward the next steps to ensure that the most potent lead candidate is selected to achieve anti-tumor efficacy and safety,” Steinmetz said. “This is the time and we are poised to move this work beyond the bench and toward clinical trials.”   Research Published in Cell Biomaterials (July 22, 2025): https://www.cell.com/cell-biomaterials/fulltext/S3050-5623(25)00086-8 

What if I told you your body is home to trillions of uninvited guests... and you'd die without them? Forget what you think you know about viruses. We're not talking about the flu; we're talking about the Human Virome, the vast, hidden viral ecosystem that is a critical part of you. In this episode, we journey into the microscopic frontier within. You'll meet the unsung heroes of your health: bacteriophages, the "good" viruses that act as microscopic peacekeepers, regulating your bacteria and maintaining the delicate balance of your internal world. They are the guardians of your gut health. But every ecosystem has its predators. We'll uncover the dark side of the virome, exploring how some of these phages can go rogue, turning harmless bacteria into dangerous pathogens by arming them with toxic genes. But the story takes an even more incredible turn... Stick with us to the very end, where we reveal the astonishing science of oncolytic viruses—specialized viruses that are being engineered to hunt down and destroy cancer cells, potentially revolutionizing the future of medicine. This is the hidden world inside all of us, a story of unexpected allies and terrifying betrayals. Subscribe, share this with anyone fascinated by the human body, and let's explore this invisible frontier together.

Scientific Reports - Effects of virus-induced immunogenic cues on oncolytic virotherapy