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spinateam.bsky.social
SPINA Team
@spinateam.bsky.social
60 followers 200 following 34 posts
Current news on the Structure Parameter Inference Approach, a #cybernetic method for the diagnostic evaluation of #endocrine #homeostasis #SPINAThyr #SPINA_Carb #SPINA_Thyr

http://spina.sf.net
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spinateam.bsky.social
Mathematical modelling of #insulin-#glucose #homeostasis delivers new and improved methods for metabolic endotyping. #prediabetes #diabetes #metabolic_syndrome #betacell pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36271244/ doi.org/10.1038/s415...
Information processing structure of the feedback model. [G](t): glucose concentration; S(t): insulin secretion rate; [I](t): insulin concentration; M(t): proximal insulin signalling; N(t) distal insulin signalling; P(t): constitutive glucose production rate; Q(t): regulated glucose production rate; W(t): intestinal glucose absorption rate; R(t): glucose arrival rate. G1 and G3 represent gains of ASIA elements. Units of measurement are displayed in the small, rounded boxes with red margins. Circular Maps of the correlation networks of novel biomarkers for insulin-glucose homeostasis with anthropometric and experimental data in the NHANES cohort (A) and the clamp study (B). Shown are significant correlations (p < 0.05) only, and line thickness indicates the strength of negative (blue) or positive (red) correlation. A green segment in the inner ring indicates a reduction of the corresponding biomarker in subjects with diabetes. Plot of SPINA-GBeta against SPINA-GR, suggesting a compensatory rise of beta cell function in the case of declining insulin sensitivity in subjects with normal glucose homeostasis (green dots). This ability of beta cell compensation is partly lost in subjects with prediabetes (orange dots) or diabetes (red dots).
September 26, 2025 at 9:24 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
Gestational #diabetes mellitus (GDM) is linked to significant adverse outcomes for both mothers and their offspring. Since #SPINA-GBeta outperforms #HOMA-Beta, its use is advised as a preferred calculated #biomarker for the evolution and pathophysiology of #GDM.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40943638/
Molecular Mechanisms in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Pregnancy-induced insulin resistance is driven by placental hormones (human placental lactogen (hPL), placental growth hormone, estrogen, progesterone, cortisol) and inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor α (TNF α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β)). Inadequate β-cell adaptation due to mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired incretin signaling leads to hyperglycemia. Dysregulated adipokines (decreased adiponectin, increased leptin, resistin, visfatin), oxidative stress, and epigenetic modifications (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation, non-coding ribonucleic acids (RNAs)) further exacerbate disease and contribute to adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.
September 20, 2025 at 3:57 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
SPINA apps are also available from European servers, provided by #CERN's #zenodo:

doi.org/10.5281/zeno...
doi.org/10.5281/zeno...

‪@cern.bsky.social‬
European flag
July 19, 2025 at 2:06 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
#SPINA_Thyr and #SPINA_Carb, two implementations of the structure parameter inference approach (SPINA), provide evidence-based improved methods for diagnosis and endotyping of endocrine diseases. Now, thoroughly tested apps for Mac and Windows are available for free download.

spina.sf.net
July 19, 2025 at 2:06 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
SPINA Carb 5.1.0 Cyclone has been released in its final version.

#SPINA-GBeta #SPINA-GR #SPINA-DI #SPINA_Carb #insulin #glucose #homeostasis #prediabetes #diabetes

sourceforge.net/projects/spi...

doi.org/10.5281/zeno...

doi.org/10.5281/zeno...
Screenshot of SPINA Carb 5.1.0 Cycline on macOS 15.5 Sequoia, showing two Windows (entry and results).
July 13, 2025 at 8:08 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
Release candidate 3 for the software SPINA Carb Cyclone is available for macOS, Windows and Linux.

sourceforge.net/projects/spi...

doi.org/10.5281/zeno...

doi.org/10.5281/zeno...

#SPINA_Carb #SPINA-GBeta #SPINA-GR #SPINA-DI #HOMA
Screenshot of release candidate 3 of SPINA Carb 5.1 Cyclone on mac OS 15.5 Sequoia
June 21, 2025 at 2:26 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
In patients undergoing #thyroid surgery due to nodules, #SPINA-GT is lower (and the set point of the homeostatic system higher) in cases of thyroid cancer compared to benign nodules.

doi.org/10.3389/fend...
Table: Characteristics of euthyroid subjects with benign disease or differentiated thyroid cancer. Patients with cancer have lower SPINA-GT and a higher set point (TSHI and TT4RI) than patients with benign nodules. Table: Association between thyroid parameters (per SD change) and differentiated thyroid cancer in total subjects. SPINA-GT is negatively associated with the presence of cancer.
June 8, 2025 at 4:00 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
Release candidate 2 of #SPINA_Carb is available for testing.

sourceforge.net/projects/spi...

doi.org/10.5281/zeno...

doi.org/10.5281/zeno...
Screenshot of SPINA Carb 5.1.0 (Cyclone) RC2 on macOS Ventura 13.7.5.
May 18, 2025 at 9:19 AM
spinateam.bsky.social
After intensive internal testing, the release candidate 1 of the #SPINA_Carb app is available. This is the "sister" app for #SPINA_Thyr, and it is provided for purposes of testing.

sourceforge.net/projects/spi...

doi.org/10.5281/zeno...

doi.org/10.5281/zeno...
Screenshot of SPINA Carb Release Candidate 1 for macOS
April 21, 2025 at 11:09 AM
spinateam.bsky.social
Calculating #SPINA-GT is useful in paediatrics, as recently shown in a research paper by the Medical School of Patras.

SPINA-GT is significantly reduced in subclinical hypothyroidism and even in the upper 2 quartiles of normal TSH.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40230485/
doi.org/10.3389/fend...
Box plots showing SPINA GT actual vs predicted values (a) in all euthyroid children divided in groups by quartiles of TSH values and (b) in children with normal TSH in the upper 2 quartiles and children with mild and severe SH (**P < 0.001, *P<0.01). The comparison with predicted results rules out that this association is due to spurious correlation. Table: TSH concentrations (min and max) in euthyroid (by quartiles) and children with SH and their corresponding SPINA-GT value (median and mean) along with the frequency of thyroid antibody positivity.
April 20, 2025 at 12:20 AM
spinateam.bsky.social
#Hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa) is linked to #diabetes mellitus. In the affected, #SPINA-GR is reduced and not compensated by #SPINA-GBeta, resulting in low #SPINA-DI. This phenomenon may be mediated by #inflammation, as shown by ties to #haptoglobin.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40217596/
Table showing endotypes of insulin-glucose homeostasis in patients with hidradenitis suppurative (HS or acne inversa) and different expressions of haptoglobin concentration. In persons with HS and a high haptoglobin concentration, insulin sensitivity (SPINA-GR) and beta-cell function (SPINA-GBeta) are similar but combine to provide a reduced disposition index (SPINA-DI). Plot of SPINA-GBeta versus SPINA-GR in patients with HS and controls: The majority of patients with HS and diabetes are faced with rather low insulin sensitivity and a lack of dynamic compensation via pancreatic beta-cell function, resulting in a reduced disposition index.
April 13, 2025 at 3:26 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
Again, a study shows that #environment​al #toxicant​s, i.e. endocrine #disruptor​s, strongly affect #thyroid #homeostasis. For calculated biomarkers, i.e. #SPINA-GT and #SPINA-GD, this effect is more pronounced than for #TSH.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39826653/

doi.org/10.1016/j.en...
Association between urinary chemicals and thyroid hormones, GD, and GT in the total population (Groups 1 and 2 combined): results from Quantile Gcomputation modeling. Age, BMI, urinary creatinine, education level, and group were adjusted. ‘Total’ includes MnBP, MBzP, ΣDEHPm, BPA, MeP, EtP, and PrP. ‘Phthalate metabolites’ include MnBP, MBzP, and ΣDEHPm. ‘Parabens’ include MeP, EtP, and PrP. *p < 0.05; #p < 0.1. Phthalate metabolites measured in both groups included mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl)phthalate (MEOHP), mono(5-carboxy-2-ethylpentyl) phthalate (MECPP), mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP), and MBzP. For parabens, methylparaben (MeP), EtP, and propylparaben (PrP) were measured.
March 2, 2025 at 10:12 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
Growing evidence supports a role of sensorimotor and autonomic #neuropathy in #syndrome_T or #SORSHOT, i.e. reduced quality of life in treated #hypothyroidism. #SPINA_GT and #SPINA_GD predict nerve function and depression.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38811750/

doi.org/10.1038/s415...
Scatterplots showing a significant correlation of functional parameters of thyroid homeostasis (SPINA-GT and SPINA-GD) with the mechanical pain sensitivity (MPS) of QST (A), respiratory arrhythmia in HRV analysis (B) and depression percentiles in HADS (C).
February 8, 2025 at 10:18 AM
spinateam.bsky.social
Again, a study showed a strong influence of endocrine disruptors on #thyroid homeostasis. Exposure to butylparaben significantly reduces #SPINA-GD, whereas ethylparaben slightly increases #SPINA_GT in pregnancy.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39889471/

doi.org/10.1016/j.ec...
Figure (Forest plot): Changes in the levels of thyroid hormone indicators in relation to a 1 ng/mL increase in paraben exposure across trimesters. Data are presented in terms of adjusted regression coefficient and 95% confidence interval values. Exposure to butylparaben significantly reduces #SPINA-GD, whereas ethylparaben slightly increases #SPINA_GT in pregnancy, depending on the trimenon. Forest plot: Results of generalized estimating equation–based analyses of the associations between thyroid hormones and urinary parabens in pregnant women (N = 207). The effect on SPINA-GD is different from and stronger than that on T3/T4 ratio.
February 2, 2025 at 4:53 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
6 months after #COVID-19, #SPINA-GD correlates negatively to the severity of fatigue in patients affected by Long COVID (PASC).

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39247915/
doi.org/10.3389/fend...
Table showing the results of correlation analysis of features associated with fatigue scores in Long COVID. Both FT3/FT4 ratio and SPINA-GD significantly correlate to the FS-14 score.
January 12, 2025 at 4:27 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
The method of structure parameter inference approach, i.e. #SPINA-Thyr and #SPINA_Carb, has predictive power in the setting of #P4_medicine. In a large population sample, four SPINA parameters, #SPINA-GT, #SPINA-GD, #SPINA-GBeta and #SPINA-DI, predicted all-cause mortality.

doi.org/10.53201/LEI...
In an unselected population sample (NHANES 2009/2010), persons with low thyroid's secretory capacity (SPINA-GT) and total step-up deiodinase activity (SPINA-GD) face significantly worse survival over 10 years. In an unselected population sample (NHANES 2009/2010), persons with low beta-cell function (SPINA-GBeta) and static disposition index (SPINA-DI) are faced with significantly shorter survival over 10 years.
December 28, 2024 at 6:54 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
Calculating #SPINA-GT, #thyroid​'s secretory capacity, and #SPINA-GD, total #deiodinase activity, is evolving towards a standard method of research in #thyroidology, as shown by more than 100 citations of one of our defining papers. 🧪🩺

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27375554/
doi.org/10.3389/fend...
(A, B) Reliability of SPINA-derived parameters is higher than that of measured hormone concentrations. Shown are results of Monte Carlo evaluation of SPINA-GT and SPINA-GD based on simulated imprecise hormone assays. Hormone concentrations were modeled in SimThyr 4.0 with different pre-defined values for GT and GD, respectively. Subsequently, absolute hormone levels were converted to measurements by means of an S script that injected additive and multiplicative noise in order to get vendor-reported concentration-dependent coefficients of variation (CV). The lines show the mean SD of hormone concentrations predicted by structure parameters calculated from simulated noisy measurements. CVs as markers for measurement reliability of SPINA-GT and SPINA-GD are below 10% in all cases, although CVs of corresponding hormone assays exceed 20% in low concentrations. (C) SPINA-GT is sensitive for thyroid disorders of primary origin and specific with respect to secondary dysfunction. The plots show the distribution of hormone concentrations in certain primary and secondary thyroid conditions compared to normal percentiles of SPINA-GT. The green crossing rectangles define univariate reference ranges for TSH and FT4, respectively. The purple lines represent FT4 concentrations at the 2 and 97% percentiles of SPINA-GT. (D) SPINA-GD is an estimate for deiodination. Shown is the correlation between SPINA-GD and conversion rate in slow tissue pools.
December 22, 2024 at 11:58 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
Endocrine disruptors have a strong effect on the peripheral #thyroid hormone metabolism. A recent study showed a nonlinear dose-response relationship between #PFAS and step-up deiodinase activity (#SPINA_GD).
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39556482/
doi.org/10.1210/clin...
Dose-response relationship between PFAS and thyroid homeostasis parameters (FT3/FT4 and SPINA-GD). (A) Dose-response relationship between PFAS and FT3/FT4; (B) Dose-response relationship between PFAS and SPINA-GD. Analyses adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, family income to poverty ratio, marital status, hypertension, diabetes, total calories, smoking, BMI group, urinary iodine status, and antibody positivity (TgAb positivity or TPOAb positivity).
November 26, 2024 at 9:17 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
This circuit has strong implications for survival. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38502972/ 🩺
Definition of three clusters from free T4 and TSH concentration. Shown are data points from individual persons in the two-dimensional FT4-TSH space, marked with colours according to the cluster, and silhouette plots. Kaplan–Meier survival curves for TSH, FT4, FT3, SPINA-GT, SPINA-GD and Jostel's TSH index (JTI) based on cutoff values derived from phi statistics. They show that all parameters are strong predictors of survival, with SPINA-GT and JTI having the highest discriminatory power. Mosaic plot showing the association of clusters with total fatality and Kaplan-Meier survival curve with the time-course of survival.
May 11, 2024 at 8:51 AM
spinateam.bsky.social
#SPINA_GT, #SPINA_GD and Jostel's TSH index (#JTI or #TSHI) are predictors of survival in patients with #Takotsubo syndrome (#stress #cardiomyopathy), as recently demonstrated in the international GEIST registry. 🩺

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38502972/
doi.org/10.1016/j.eb...
Table: Markers of thyroid function in the study population: FT3 and SPINA-GD are significantly decreased in non-survivors, whereas SPINA-GT is increased in fatal cases of Takotsubo syndrome. Kaplan–Meier survival curves based on cutoff values derived from phi statistics. Low TSH, FT3, SPINA-GD and JTI as well as high FT4 and SPINA-GT predict shorter survival in Takotsubo syndrome.
March 24, 2024 at 5:48 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
The #kynurenine pathway is a series of chemical reactions that produce NAD+ and other mediators with immunomodulatory function. A recent study shows that this pathway is altered in autoimmune #thyroiditis. Several metabolites correlate with #SPINA_GD. 🧪 🩺 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38514790/
The association between the maximum global activity of peripheral deiodinases (SPINA-GD) in young women with autoimmune thyroiditis and kynurenine pathway metabolites, (a) kynurenic acid (KYNA), (b) anthranilic acid (AA), (c) quinolinic acid (QA), (d) 3-HAA/AA ratio, (e) 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HKYN), (f) the results of multiple regression analysis with SPINA-GD as a dependent variable. The proposed mechanism links alteration in the kynurenine pathway with disturbances in thyroid function and thyroid homeostasis in young women with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT). During AIT, the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism is activated and alteration in this pathway occurs. The formation of AA from KYN is enhanced at the expense of KYNA generation, and at the same time there is a significant reduction in the transformation of AA into 3-HAA. The imbalance between AA and KYNA, reflected by an increase in AA/KYNA ratio and between AA and 3-HAA, resulted in AA accumulation and a slight increase in QA levels. As a consequence of this process, the activity of peripheral deiodinases (SPINA-GD) rose proportionally to AA elevation, which translated into a greater amount of biologically active form of thyroid hormone—FT3.
March 23, 2024 at 7:09 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
#SPINA_GD is reduced in major #depression, #bipolar disorder and #schizophrenia, whereas #SPINA_GT is elevated in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, marking a unique profile of #thyroid_allostasis. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38277991/ doi.org/10.1016/j.ps...
Table: Comparison of demographic factors, thyroid function and structure parameters of thyroid homeostasis among psychiatric patients and controls
March 3, 2024 at 11:28 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
#SPINA_Thyr 4.2.1 released. This new version fixes several minor bugs. It is compatible with Windows (32 and 64 bits), macOS (Intel and Apple Silicon) and several Unix and Linux variants. spina.sourceforge.net doi.org/10.5281/zeno... doi.org/10.5281/zeno... 🩺 🧪
Screenshot of SPINA Thyr 4.2.1 on macOS Ventura 13.6.4
February 24, 2024 at 5:32 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
Breaking news: In combination with whole-exome sequencing, #SPINA_Carb helped to discover a new form of #MODY #diabetes, caused by an atypical missense variant in the #RyR2 gene (coding the the type 2 #ryanodine receptor). doi.org/10.3389/fend... 🧪🩺
Family tree with affected and sequenced individuals. The p.N2291D is located in the RIH (RyR and IP3R Homology) domain of the protein and also overlaps hotspot II Both SPINA-GBeta and fasting proinsulin are significantly higher in RyR2 MODY diabetes. Increased SPINA-GBeta represents dynamical compensation of insulin resistance.
February 20, 2024 at 5:19 PM
spinateam.bsky.social
#SPINA_Carb has high discriminatory power for the distinction between #diabetes and normal glucose homeostasis. SPINA-GBeta is better than HOMA-Beta, SPINA-GR is better than HOMA-IR and QUICKI, but SPINA-DI is best, being even more powerful than ivGTT. 🩺🧪 pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38169110/
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for insulin sensitivity index (ISI), insulinogenic index (IGI), the disposition index according to Matsuda and DeFronzo, HOMA-IR (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance), HOMA-Beta (homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function), QUICKI (quantitative insulin sensitivity check index), SPINA-GR (reconstructed insulin receptor gain), SPINA-GBeta (secretory capacity of pancreatic beta cells) and SPINA-DI (structure parameter inference approach-disposition index). SPINA-DI has high discriminatory power for the distinction between diabetes and normal glucose homeostasis. ROC curves and corresponding areas under the curve (AUC) are shown for several markers for the function of the insulin-glucose feedback control in the validation dataset. The area under the curve is highest for SPINA-DI (0.90). Table: Measured and calculated parameters of the feedback loop in subjects with diabetes mellitus, prediabetes and normal glucose homeostasis in two different studies. It showes that SPINA Carb has the best discriminatory power. Bar plots with reconstructed insulin receptor gain (SPINA-GR), secretory capacity of pancreatic beta cells (SPINA-GBeta) and fasting-based disposition index (SPINA-DI) in two different studies. It shows that SPINA-GBeta, SPINA-GR and SPINA-DI differ significantly between subjects with normal glucose homeostasis, prediabetes and diabetes mellitus.
January 6, 2024 at 10:59 AM