Sze-Fung Lee 李紫楓
@imleeszefung.bsky.social
Writer || Researcher || Columnist
With a particular interest in security policy, nuclear proliferation and Chinese hybrid warfare.
🚏 Views expressed are my own.
linktr.ee/szefung_lee
With a particular interest in security policy, nuclear proliferation and Chinese hybrid warfare.
🚏 Views expressed are my own.
linktr.ee/szefung_lee
7/ I first built this framework w/ @marcuskolga.bsky.social, with what I had in mind being to actually protect the people being targeted. Not sure how far we can go, but I sincerely hope like-minded countries could adopt this framework to bolster #resilience and foster effective #countermeasures
October 30, 2025 at 3:30 PM
7/ I first built this framework w/ @marcuskolga.bsky.social, with what I had in mind being to actually protect the people being targeted. Not sure how far we can go, but I sincerely hope like-minded countries could adopt this framework to bolster #resilience and foster effective #countermeasures
6/ Many thanks to everyone who contributed to this report! It’s been a real pleasure seeing this framework come to life together:)
October 30, 2025 at 3:30 PM
6/ Many thanks to everyone who contributed to this report! It’s been a real pleasure seeing this framework come to life together:)
5/ Through case studies on Chinese and Russian #TNR activities, the #framework shows how different actors—international or domestic, governmental or civil—can adopt practical measures to counter these threats (and more detailed case studies coming)
October 30, 2025 at 3:30 PM
5/ Through case studies on Chinese and Russian #TNR activities, the #framework shows how different actors—international or domestic, governmental or civil—can adopt practical measures to counter these threats (and more detailed case studies coming)
4/ Execution Stage
October 30, 2025 at 3:30 PM
4/ Execution Stage
3/ Preparing Stage
October 30, 2025 at 3:30 PM
3/ Preparing Stage
2/ Planning Stage
October 30, 2025 at 3:30 PM
2/ Planning Stage
1/ Designed to empower governments, law enforcement, intelligence agencies, civil society, media, and vulnerable communities, the #framework provides a structured blueprint to
📍Analyze #FI & #TNR TTPs
📍Propose countermeasures to disrupt, deter & prevent such operations at every stage
📍Analyze #FI & #TNR TTPs
📍Propose countermeasures to disrupt, deter & prevent such operations at every stage
October 30, 2025 at 3:30 PM
1/ Designed to empower governments, law enforcement, intelligence agencies, civil society, media, and vulnerable communities, the #framework provides a structured blueprint to
📍Analyze #FI & #TNR TTPs
📍Propose countermeasures to disrupt, deter & prevent such operations at every stage
📍Analyze #FI & #TNR TTPs
📍Propose countermeasures to disrupt, deter & prevent such operations at every stage
My latest @globaltaiwan on PRC ID Cards and #HybridWarfare – Accumulated Impact on Taiwan & How to Counter It
📍How PRC cross-domain operations drive Taiwanese towards its "reunification" goal – Legally & Cognitively
📍Policy recommendations
Threads Below⚡️x 12
globaltaiwan.org/2025/06/prc-...
📍How PRC cross-domain operations drive Taiwanese towards its "reunification" goal – Legally & Cognitively
📍Policy recommendations
Threads Below⚡️x 12
globaltaiwan.org/2025/06/prc-...
PRC ID Cards and Hybrid Warfare: The Accumulated Impact on Taiwan and Potential Countermeasures | Global Taiwan Institute
Following the Taiwanese government’s announcement that any nationals holding a People's Republic of China (PRC)-issued identity (ID) card or settlement certificate will have their citizenship revoked,...
globaltaiwan.org
September 11, 2025 at 3:22 PM
📍Spotify: open.spotify.com/show/4yHlqLT...
The PRC ID Card Controversy in Taiwan (with Sze-Fung Lee)
open.spotify.com
September 11, 2025 at 3:19 PM
📍Spotify: open.spotify.com/show/4yHlqLT...
📍Apple Podcast: podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/g...
Global Taiwan Insights
Politics Podcast · Global Taiwan Insights is a podcast produced by the Global Taiwan Institute, a 501(c)3 policy think tank based in Washington, D.C.
Global Taiwan Insights consist of brief, timely i...
podcasts.apple.com
September 11, 2025 at 3:19 PM
📍Apple Podcast: podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/g...
7/ An early test for China's future operations
The operation showed no signs of certain TTPs common in Chinese #IOs on HK-related issues, suggesting that it was merely testing the waters
Eg. Cross-posting via 50 Cent Army/ #Spamouflage
Amplification by major KOL/ #GrayMedia in HK
The operation showed no signs of certain TTPs common in Chinese #IOs on HK-related issues, suggesting that it was merely testing the waters
Eg. Cross-posting via 50 Cent Army/ #Spamouflage
Amplification by major KOL/ #GrayMedia in HK
August 8, 2025 at 2:21 AM
7/ An early test for China's future operations
The operation showed no signs of certain TTPs common in Chinese #IOs on HK-related issues, suggesting that it was merely testing the waters
Eg. Cross-posting via 50 Cent Army/ #Spamouflage
Amplification by major KOL/ #GrayMedia in HK
The operation showed no signs of certain TTPs common in Chinese #IOs on HK-related issues, suggesting that it was merely testing the waters
Eg. Cross-posting via 50 Cent Army/ #Spamouflage
Amplification by major KOL/ #GrayMedia in HK
6/ #Impact
📍The video gained little traction, staying mostly within pro-Beijing circles
📍#Deepfake itself was poorly made, yet the nature of the content, narrative & tactics targeted the #Vulnerabilities of the Hong Kong diaspora
>> If done by more capable actors....🎃
📍The video gained little traction, staying mostly within pro-Beijing circles
📍#Deepfake itself was poorly made, yet the nature of the content, narrative & tactics targeted the #Vulnerabilities of the Hong Kong diaspora
>> If done by more capable actors....🎃
August 8, 2025 at 2:21 AM
6/ #Impact
📍The video gained little traction, staying mostly within pro-Beijing circles
📍#Deepfake itself was poorly made, yet the nature of the content, narrative & tactics targeted the #Vulnerabilities of the Hong Kong diaspora
>> If done by more capable actors....🎃
📍The video gained little traction, staying mostly within pro-Beijing circles
📍#Deepfake itself was poorly made, yet the nature of the content, narrative & tactics targeted the #Vulnerabilities of the Hong Kong diaspora
>> If done by more capable actors....🎃
5/ For example –
An an acct named ‘Pocky Miu’ shared the video to 2 community & 2 pro-Beijing groups at 11:05 am HKT
3 of these groups were joined only in Jan 2025
An an acct named ‘Pocky Miu’ shared the video to 2 community & 2 pro-Beijing groups at 11:05 am HKT
3 of these groups were joined only in Jan 2025
August 8, 2025 at 2:21 AM
5/ For example –
An an acct named ‘Pocky Miu’ shared the video to 2 community & 2 pro-Beijing groups at 11:05 am HKT
3 of these groups were joined only in Jan 2025
An an acct named ‘Pocky Miu’ shared the video to 2 community & 2 pro-Beijing groups at 11:05 am HKT
3 of these groups were joined only in Jan 2025
4/ Notably, 12 accounts had only lately joined their Facebook groups, between Jan–Jun 2025
August 8, 2025 at 2:21 AM
4/ Notably, 12 accounts had only lately joined their Facebook groups, between Jan–Jun 2025
3/ The #Operation
📍First posted by FB page Yellowbrainclown (黃腦膠戰) on July 26, 10:12 am HKT
📍Within 2 hrs, 22 accounts shared it to 17 Facebook groups
📍Some posted across different groups within the same minute
📍Signs of Spam/proxy: no personal info, only pro-China posts
📍First posted by FB page Yellowbrainclown (黃腦膠戰) on July 26, 10:12 am HKT
📍Within 2 hrs, 22 accounts shared it to 17 Facebook groups
📍Some posted across different groups within the same minute
📍Signs of Spam/proxy: no personal info, only pro-China posts
August 8, 2025 at 2:21 AM
3/ The #Operation
📍First posted by FB page Yellowbrainclown (黃腦膠戰) on July 26, 10:12 am HKT
📍Within 2 hrs, 22 accounts shared it to 17 Facebook groups
📍Some posted across different groups within the same minute
📍Signs of Spam/proxy: no personal info, only pro-China posts
📍First posted by FB page Yellowbrainclown (黃腦膠戰) on July 26, 10:12 am HKT
📍Within 2 hrs, 22 accounts shared it to 17 Facebook groups
📍Some posted across different groups within the same minute
📍Signs of Spam/proxy: no personal info, only pro-China posts
2/ On July 26, a #deepfake video purported to show a leaked conversation between exiled Hong Kong activists @carmenlau.bsky.social @nathanlawkc.bsky.social @finnlau_cd discussing their concerns over the possibility of being extradited from UK to China as UK plans to reinstate an extradition deal
August 8, 2025 at 2:21 AM
2/ On July 26, a #deepfake video purported to show a leaked conversation between exiled Hong Kong activists @carmenlau.bsky.social @nathanlawkc.bsky.social @finnlau_cd discussing their concerns over the possibility of being extradited from UK to China as UK plans to reinstate an extradition deal
7/ Hong Kong & Taiwan's bounty cases are just the beginning
#PRC hybrid warfare playbook can be replicated to target anyone in the world as it sees fit. And these extra-territorial law enforcement and cross-agency coordinated efforts are almost certain to go beyond the region
#PRC hybrid warfare playbook can be replicated to target anyone in the world as it sees fit. And these extra-territorial law enforcement and cross-agency coordinated efforts are almost certain to go beyond the region
July 31, 2025 at 2:58 PM
7/ Hong Kong & Taiwan's bounty cases are just the beginning
#PRC hybrid warfare playbook can be replicated to target anyone in the world as it sees fit. And these extra-territorial law enforcement and cross-agency coordinated efforts are almost certain to go beyond the region
#PRC hybrid warfare playbook can be replicated to target anyone in the world as it sees fit. And these extra-territorial law enforcement and cross-agency coordinated efforts are almost certain to go beyond the region
6/ Trends of Intensifying #PsychologicalOperations
📍On March 26, TAO launched a "new initiative" on its website for reporting ‘Taiwan independence’ separatists" (Yet previous data indicates the platform was originally introduced on Aug 2, 2024)
📍TAO's sanction
📍On March 26, TAO launched a "new initiative" on its website for reporting ‘Taiwan independence’ separatists" (Yet previous data indicates the platform was originally introduced on Aug 2, 2024)
📍TAO's sanction
July 31, 2025 at 2:58 PM
6/ Trends of Intensifying #PsychologicalOperations
📍On March 26, TAO launched a "new initiative" on its website for reporting ‘Taiwan independence’ separatists" (Yet previous data indicates the platform was originally introduced on Aug 2, 2024)
📍TAO's sanction
📍On March 26, TAO launched a "new initiative" on its website for reporting ‘Taiwan independence’ separatists" (Yet previous data indicates the platform was originally introduced on Aug 2, 2024)
📍TAO's sanction
5/ Significance
Earlier efforts were led by #MSS
The involvement of the #MPS & PSBs in the latest operation signals a more integrated and sophisticated approach to targeting Taiwanese military personnel –one that combines #PsychologicalWarfare + #Lawfare + #IOs on social media
Earlier efforts were led by #MSS
The involvement of the #MPS & PSBs in the latest operation signals a more integrated and sophisticated approach to targeting Taiwanese military personnel –one that combines #PsychologicalWarfare + #Lawfare + #IOs on social media
July 31, 2025 at 2:58 PM
5/ Significance
Earlier efforts were led by #MSS
The involvement of the #MPS & PSBs in the latest operation signals a more integrated and sophisticated approach to targeting Taiwanese military personnel –one that combines #PsychologicalWarfare + #Lawfare + #IOs on social media
Earlier efforts were led by #MSS
The involvement of the #MPS & PSBs in the latest operation signals a more integrated and sophisticated approach to targeting Taiwanese military personnel –one that combines #PsychologicalWarfare + #Lawfare + #IOs on social media
4/ AIM
📍Erode morale and exert psychological pressure on Taiwan’s military
📍Discrediting its reputation in the public sphere
📍Ultimately deterring pro-independence sentiment and obstructing perceived challenges to Beijing’s broader reunification agenda
📍Erode morale and exert psychological pressure on Taiwan’s military
📍Discrediting its reputation in the public sphere
📍Ultimately deterring pro-independence sentiment and obstructing perceived challenges to Beijing’s broader reunification agenda
July 31, 2025 at 2:58 PM
4/ AIM
📍Erode morale and exert psychological pressure on Taiwan’s military
📍Discrediting its reputation in the public sphere
📍Ultimately deterring pro-independence sentiment and obstructing perceived challenges to Beijing’s broader reunification agenda
📍Erode morale and exert psychological pressure on Taiwan’s military
📍Discrediting its reputation in the public sphere
📍Ultimately deterring pro-independence sentiment and obstructing perceived challenges to Beijing’s broader reunification agenda