Using calcium imaging, the Goldman Lab was able to measure the difference in phase between undulatory movements and the activation waves that cause them—called neuromechanical phase lags (NPLs). The NPLs vary with medium, including fluids of different viscosity and agar.

Animals at many length scales move through undulation. In a new paper, Chris Pierce and the Goldman Lab use the nematode 🪱 C. elegans to show how interactions with the environment cause undulating body movements to become desynchronized to the phase of muscle contractions.