This tells us that population structure itself, which does not contribute to "directional" allele frequency stratification, can't create fixed effects. What happens there is selection? well that I think is still an open question.
(8/8).

This makes PCs obsolete as a means to handle fixed genetic contributors. Of course, there are non-genetic contributors aligning with genetic factors so PCs might have role, but it has nothing to do with genetics.
(7/n)

This developmental process could be a growth curve or any more involved process.

Surely part of variance in the developmental outcomes is driven by genetics and environment. The way I see this developmental process is more about how phenotypes are generated from genetic and environmental inputs, which act at every? stage of the process.

Love this thread. I like the developmental process concept to create a mental model of where variation is coming from. But, as with any process there are “factors” that drive its variance of outcomes.

I think what you are calling stochastic developmental variation is the outcome of unmeasured environmental perturbations and genetic-environmental interactions on a highly complex and possibly chaotic system, and definitely contributes to the observed non-genetic variance. :)

Parts of France and U.K. have large tide difference www.reddit.com/r/MapPorn/co... see also tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/faq.html#08

Method works from simple and complex scenarios in jointly estimating epoch time, population size, migration rate (symmetric or asymmetric), growth rate, and admixture proportion. Software integrated with msprime, demes, tsinfer/tsdate, relate, and singer. github.com/aprilweilab/...

@epigenci.bsky.social this is a frequentist version of the Lara et al paper I shared on estimating genetic variance when using genomic data;)