Großartig! Ganz herzlichen Dank dafür!

This is great news! Do you also plan to update the CHES interactive Shinyapp with the new data?

Visit the journal's website for more articles in this Special Issue on electoral geography: periodicos.uff.br/geographia

There is also a Portuguese version of the article: periodicos.uff.br/geographia/a...

Overall, we identified macro-regional differences of left-behindness manifestation across Europe, shaped by historical, economic, and social factors unique to each region.

We show that “left-behindness” varies across Europe, with a particular focus on Central and Eastern Europe. In these regions, left-behindness is closely tied to regional disadvantages, characterized by low economic prosperity, reduced social status, and higher poverty rates.

We present a plausible conceptualisation and operationalisation of left-behind regions in European Union countries. The operationalization is relative to national standards, multidimensional, and both structural and dynamic. We analyse 918 regions across 25 countries.