Nature Reviews Neuroscience - Recent studies have shed further light on the evolutionary origins of chemical synapses, In this Review, Colgren and Burkhardt explore how ancient proteins were...

The formation of neural circuits depends on the precise spatial and temporal organisation of neuronal populations during development. In the vertebrate spinal cord, progenitors are patterned into mole...

The evolutionary conservation of cell types over deep time has long been theorised but remains difficult to demonstrate. Monoaminergic neurons, which produce molecules such as serotonin and dopamine, ...

Swine have an excellent sense of smell and highly complex olfactory brain structures, which play a crucial role in their complex social interactions. In other mammals the olfactory system is known to exhibit significant plasticity, even during adulthood. The aim of this study was to investigate postnatal plasticity in olfactory areas of juvenile swine brains by studying immature cells immunoreactive for the microtubule-associated protein doublecortin (DCX). Using immunofluorescence, we studied DCX coexpression with the cell proliferation marker Ki-67, and different neuronal markers. Our results show the existence of numerous DCX + cells throughout the olfactory pallial areas. In some of them, we found DCX+/Ki-67 + coexpressing cells, suggesting that they were proliferating. Some of these proliferating cells were grouped in tangentially-oriented migratory-like chains, forming the rostral migratory stream to anterior olfactory area and olfactory bulb. Moreover, chains of DCX + cells were found in the external capsule and white matter adjacent to the temporal horn of the ventricle. Chains of DCX + cells were observed crossing the internal layers of the piriform and entorhinal cortices. In layer II of these cortices, DCX + cells of varying maturity degrees and neuronal phenotypes (including NeuN expression) were present. This suggests the existence of multiple migratory streams along the anteroposterior axis. Most DCX + immature cells in the migratory chains and in the anterior olfactory area, piriform and entorhinal cortices expressed the transcription factor Brn2 (Pou3f2), suggesting the incorporation of new glutamatergic neurons in these areas. Together, these results highlight the interest of swine to study the role of postnatal brain plasticity and their potential for regeneration in large, gyrencephalic brains.

Thalamocortical projections contribute to the spatial organization and functional hierarchies of the mammalian cortex. Primary sensory cortices receive topographically segregated information from firs...

The Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is essential for the patterning, growth, and morphogenesis of many tissues. During early eye development, Shh is critical for the formation of the two optic ...

Biological age is a major risk factor in the development of common degenerative retinal diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. To systematically characterize molecular mechani...

ALT: a black and white dog is sitting on a couch with its tongue sticking out .

Chimaeras (Holocephali) are an understudied group of mostly deep-ocean cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) with unique characteristics that disti...

TET enzymes remove DNA methylation markers, but the role of this process in retinal development is not clear. This study shows that these enzymes are required for photoreceptor cells to initiate the g...

Sharks are masters of tooth regeneration with a rapid and unlimited tooth supply. We present a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis across five distinct compartments from the embryonic shark mouth, c...

The emergence of predation and associated complex behaviors in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) were major driving forces in brain evolution. To gain insight into the neuronal complexity of the last common gnathostome ancestor, we studied the development of the shark telencephalon by combining single-cell and spatial transcriptomics. Our findings suggest an ancient origin of pallial neurogenesis, including basal progenitors, which were previously only identified in tetrapods. We find evidence for migrating gabaergic neurons populating the dorsal pallium, where we observe incipient layering. Finally, we provide evidence for the existence of Cajal-Retzius cells in the developing shark telencephalon, with a conserved molecular profile and tissue localization relative to mammals. Our analyses revealed that major features of the vertebrate pallium arose much earlier than previously thought, in the gnathostome lineage. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

The emergence of predation and associated complex behaviors in jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes) have been major driving forces in brain evolution. To gain insight into the neuronal complexity of the l...